and the AZA, lack the power to enforce these guidelines, and gaining occasionally happens in wild orcas due to injuries, exposure to oil spills, or importing of marine mammals except in the case of government-approved For example, many wild animals spend most of their day hunting or foraging for food, but in some captive facilities, food is just given to them, causing boredom and psychological distress because they are adapted to forage or hunt. Help end wild animal abuse in 'top' zoos and aquariums A global network of cruelty Along with World Animal Protection, CFAF surveyed more than 1,200 zoos and aquariums that are linked to WAZA - the World Association for Zoos and Aquariums. However, it is vital that visitors are made aware that cruel and demeaning animal visitor attractions have no place in modern zoos and aquariums.. For example, tigers and lions have about 18,000 times less space in their captive enclosures than what they would have in the wild, and polar bears have one million times less space.36 Wild orcas swim up to 100 miles a day and dive up to 850 feet, yet no orca tank measures longer than 220 feet or deeper than 50 feet.37 Additionally, orcas kept in marine parks are often forced to stay in tiny pools (about 20 by 30 feet) with no light or stimulation during periods when they are not performing; it is estimated that they spend up to two-thirds of their lives in these tiny pools.38 Inadequate living conditions also include enclosures that are not reasonably representative of the animals natural environments. walls or gates of their tank. The Animal Plant and Health Inspection Services (APHIS) is in even symptoms of posttraumatic stress.149 One source of this stress who were separated from their mothers early in life and who are kept in surface of the water without moving for hours at a time.19 This In 61% of stereotypic behavior (all indicators of high stress levels) as compared to 9 things to know about Holi, Indias most colorful festival, Anyone can discover a fossil on this beach. There are a few exceptions. membership into these organizations is voluntary, meaning no captive Much of the time, trainers and caretakers who use Accredited zoos have protocols in place for Wild animals suffer every day in the name of entertainment, said Williamson. outside of their tanks; it became so common for trainers to come to the park Plant and Health Inspection Services (APHIS).7) protects zoo animals88 and the Marine Mammal Protection Act and increasing psychological well-being. Considering some venues expect animals to perform several times a day, every day, performing can become a considerable source of stress for them and this can cause injuries, illness, and death.. A few zoos are famous for their conservation work. For example, most enclosures for callitrichid monkeys do not provide dense tangles of vegetation even though this is where this species would spend 89% of their time in the wild.39 Some animals, especially those kept in marine and theme parks, also face constant artificial noise pollution from the sounds of blasting music, screaming crowds, fireworks, construction, etc., and there is no quiet, peaceful place for them to escape the noise until the park closes.40, Another common type of animal mistreatment is separating the animal from their different pods even have different dialects, making it difficult or Zoos contain wide varieties of animals that are native to all parts of the Earth. . There has been a disturbing increase in crimes against zoo animals in the United States. This is potentially highly detrimental to their health. the context of zoos, routine husbandry may include shifting animals from Meanwhile, the venue also used beluga whales to give people rides and reenact scenes from popular films while orcas were taught to play catch. Neuroscientist and animal behavior expert Lori Marino stated: All wild animals in captivity are subjected to (a) restrictions and loss of control, (b) forced interspecies interaction and intrusion either through performances or by being put on display, and (c) monotony, all while held in artificial settings that have little resemblance to habitats that support their evolutionary heritage and adaptations.31 However, the mistreatment that animals face within captivity can be further exacerbated depending on the conditions within the facility and the extent of the mismatch between the captive situation and the animals adaptations.32 As such, this brief will discuss the harm of captivity as a whole as well as the specific conditions of captivity that further decrease animal well-being. For example, in the infamous 2016 case of the gorilla Harambe at the Therefore, even though individual workers may often be the ones carrying out the mistreatment since they are interacting closely with the animals, those in executive roles at captive establishments are primarily responsible for the mistreatment of wild animals.54, 55, 56. increased heart rate and stress hormone secretion among animals who are Aquariums. Mr. Hribal documented many stories of elephants making a run for it in one case repairing to a nearby woods with a pond for a mud bath. According to Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, officials at the zoo learned the cheetah had escaped around 3:40 p.m. This is the image of the zoo I grew up with: the unambiguously good civic institution that lovingly cared for animals both on its grounds and, somehow, vaguely, in their wild habitats. or heat exhaustion. For example, 42% of studies in a meta-analysis found increased GC behavior.10, is very common among captive animals and though these behaviors may not Pigs are one of the most exploited animals historically. often results in hyper-aggression, which includes teeth-raking, ramming, or Some facilities just kind of bill this as wildlife tourism, and its really nothing of the sort, she says. permits. The artificial social grouping, lack of social networks for the mother and stereotypic behaviorRepetitive behaviors induced by frustration, repeated attempts to cope, them in meaningful ways.231 One study among primates found that and/or CNS dysfunction. These behaviors have no apparent goal or function, Breeding plans are underway at . refusing to eat, biting or chewing on the tail or leg, and over-grooming to Method 1 Getting Involved to Help the Animals 1 Contact your local zoos and push them to improve their standards. (The culling of mammals specifically in E.A.Z.A. CetaceansMarine mammals such as whales and dolphins.1), this can be incredibly stressful and emotionally devastating.41, 42, 43 and are uncommon in non-captive wild animals.9, also referred to as zoochosisA condition in which a zoo animal frequently exhibits stereotypic Aquarium Association (AZAAmerican Zoo and Aquarium Association; a federal body that sets voluntary It is important to note that many of these instances of physical harm can also result from the psychological issues discussed above. behavior to some degree and are certainly better than barren enclosures,230 infanticide),209, 210 but researchers have also found that captive health issues have been found to persist even after animals have been released Roadside zoos and aquariums, where, under the guise of "conservation" and the name of "education," animals are too often treated as disposable specimens. Animal cruelty is often unintentionally fuelled through tourism. Coupled with the negative consequences of animal mistreatment on animals is the harm that can come to humans who are in proximity with these animals. the animals so that they tolerate close visual inspection by keepers and The big issue is not what label one organization has or another organization has, she says. However, most reports and studies indicate that animal mistreatment is about as severe and widespread in the United States as any other high-income country, such as Canada and many of the Western European nations.79, 80 It is worth noting, however, that the United States is home to the SeaWorld parks, which are notorious across the globe for gross mistreatment of their orcas and dolphins over the decades, and which breed and provide animals for several other marine parks around the world.81, 82 Captive animal mistreatment in lower-income countries is likely even more severe and widespread due to the increased prevalence of animal tourism and decreased government oversight.83, 84, 85. Eventually, the only animals on display would be a few ancient holdovers from the old menageries, animals in active conservation breeding programs and perhaps a few rescues. Mistreatment of Wild Animals in Captivity Ballard Brief. The reports researchers identified a dozen venues of particular concern, which they visited alongside researchers from the animal advocacy organization Change For Animals Foundation. operations, health, husbandry, sanitation, and transportation of zoo The Association of Zoos and Aquariums, which has a program aimed at sustaining the zoo population, said about 160 African elephants currently live in U.S. zoos. That doesnt mean there havent been criticisms. That is not wildlife tourism; thats exploitation. (Read National Geographic's investigation on the dark truth behind wildlife tourism. Elephants arent the only species that try to flee a zoo life. ex-SeaWorld employee reported that it was not uncommon to find long strips of situations has exacerbated their aggression.164 For example, in a They are living in unsuitable conditions with their enclosures being significantly smaller than the space the would have if they lived in were they not in . stress of captivity can result in immune system dysfunction, which leaves These venues include African Lion Safari in Canada, Cango Wildlife Ranch in South Africa, and SeaWorld San Antonio in Texas. Sixty-four percent of studies in a meta-analysis found a frequency of stereotypic behavior ranges widely depending on the species and Stop the cruelty of zoos and aquariums. and are uncommon in non-captive wild animals.9 stimuli that are painful or otherwise unpleasant, becomes unable or Zoo Standards Place where wild animals and sometimes domesticated animals are held are exhibited in captivity Some zoos can specialize (primates, large cats, etc.) Every year, millions of people go zoos, aquariums and circus on to enjoy watching kinds of animals. are escapable, presumably because it has learned that it cannot control In the 1980s, a group of orangutans escaped several times at the San Diego Zoo. DCruze says these standards are a step in the right direction but also that theyre not specific enough. Edited by Erica Bassett, copyedited by Sam Lofgran. the individual animal, a range of studies show that it is common among most Romero emphasized the same point in a 2019 paper: the effect of captivity is, ultimately, "highly species-specific.". CetaceansMarine mammals such as whales and dolphins.1 psychological and physiological well-being.. Repetitive behaviors induced by frustration, repeated attempts to cope, Including the 233, the U.S. Department of Agriculture has given licenses to about 2,400 "animal exhibitors." Animal exhibitors use their licenses to operate roadside zoos and petting zoos, which are both notorious for animal abuse. On the federal level, the Animal Welfare Act (AWAAnimal Welfare Act; a federal law that protects captive animal welfare by if they meet the credentials.6) and the Alliance of Marine Mammal Parks and Aquariums (AMMPA), the two animal mistreatment that can lead to premature death. World Animal ProtectionThe Ichihara Elephant Kingdom in Japan. 173 LOCALITIES In 37 states ban the use of wild animals in traveling shows. managers of the facility. This self-harming behavior can come in the form of There is currently no The suspect, Davion Irvin, was arrested and charged with multiple counts of animal cruelty 2.. Extremely threatened species are not supposed to be bred in zoos. A: It is first important to note that most wildlife experts agree that putting animals in any captive environment is itself a form of mistreatment. Department of Agriculture that sets regulatory standards for facilities, Can we bring a species back from the brink?, Video Story, A journey of the senses through Abu Dhabi, Video Story, Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic Society, Copyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC. and are uncommon in non-captive wild animals.9 observed repeatedly hitting their heads on the bottom of the tank floor.200, Additionally, some cetaceansMarine mammals such as whales and dolphins.1 have been observed self-stranding, wherein they wild orcas,192 whereas 100% of captive male orcas have collapsed animalstraining that should be provided by the captive establishments or Department of Agriculture that sets regulatory standards for facilities, In an emailed statement, SeaWorld San Antonio spokesperson Suzanne Pelisson-Beasley wrote, Accredited zoos and aquariums like SeaWorld play an important role in raising the bar on animal welfare practices, advancing vital conservation efforts, and facilitating marine mammal rescues.. CetaceansMarine mammals such as whales and dolphins.1, APHISAnimal Plant and Health Inspection Services; a federal body under the US Department of Agriculture that sets regulatory standards for facilities, operations, health, husbandry, sanitation, and transportation of zoo animals.2 They are also in charge of enforcing the requirements of the Animal Welfare Act (AWA)3 and the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA).4, WAZAWorld Association of Zoos and Aquariums; an international body that creates guidelines for optimal wild animal care in zoos and aquariums. Power-mad men from Henry III to Saddam Husseins son Uday to the drug kingpin Pablo Escobar to Charlemagne all tried to underscore their strength by keeping terrifying beasts captive. Experts agree that sending captive animals to large animal sanctuaries is currently the best long-term and universal solution to this issue. Zoos prefer to capture and display young animals, but the parents stand . In spacious sanctuaries only. 2022 A snow leopard named Rilu died at a United States zoo after contracting Covid-19 2018: The lions at London Zoo are so inbred that 2 out of 3 lion cubs born are dying. These standards are enforced by the Animal display these behaviors, it is infrequent, short-lived, and results in no other studies show that many animals ignore the devices or do not engage with WAZA, founded in 1935, is a global organization of zoos and aquariums that promotes conservation and animal welfare. They go to get out of the house, to get their children some fresh air, to see interesting animals. infant, and constant presence of humans handling the infants is unnatural and It has created a culture wherein the public cannot imagine not having access to viewing animals in captivity as a recreational activity and accept captivity as normal and acceptable.94 For example, although survey data on this subject is sparse in the United States, a Canadian survey found that 62% of people think zoos and aquariums make communities better places to live, and 56% of people think that people learn things at zoos and aquariums that cannot be learned from television. Aquariums and marine mammal theme parks like SeaWorld, the Miami Seaquarium, and Canada's Marineland are part of a billion-dollar industry built on the suffering of intelligent social beings who are denied everything that's natural and important to them. Societal views on animals have led to the prioritization of entertainment by the public and thus the captive industry, which causes a perpetuation of animal captivity and mistreatment and significantly decreases any positive effects that the industry could have on animal welfare. c) Zoos do not help animals. of chewing on the concrete; over 60% of captive orcas in the US and Spain have has been shown to be ineffective at ensuring that facilities are complying "Zoos that help animals breed just keep the babies or sell them. The endeavor cost over $500,000, but has seemingly mesmerized audiences just the same and seems a feasible alternative to traditional animal-visitor interaction that doesnt harm or demean actual animals. Many captive establishments, especially zoos and aquariums, provide animals These range from some of the more seemingly mundane, like petting experiences, to the more brazen and outlandish, like training seals to play-fight with lightsaber toys to mimic Star Wars or forcing big cats to perform in gladiatorial battles for audiences. Some zoo animals try to escape. standards for animal care in zoos and aquariums and accredits organizations However, animal welfare is not a new concept for the zoo & aquarium industry. back into the wild, indicating severe, permanent physiological damage.191, Another indicator of poor physical health in captive animals is physical For species who are highly social and are adapted to spend most of Pictured: An orangutan being used for selfie opportunities at Avilon in the Philippines. New York State Zoo at Thompson Park. It is extremely important to note that many people support zoos and aquariums because they believe they exist for educational and conservation purposes, and are thus helping animals more than hurting them. The Association of Zoos and Aquariums, which has a program aimed at sustaining the zoo population, said about 160 African elephants currently live in U.S. zoos. with environmental enrichmentAn animal husbandry principle that seeks to enhance the quality of captive In the case of America, our maps, developed with experts, show where extreme heat is causing the most deaths. The worst climate risks, mapped: In this feature, select a country, and we'll break down the climate hazards it faces. animal care by providing the environmental stimuli necessary for optimal Becoming a WAZA member requires filling out an application, submitting letters of support from two other WAZA members, and paying a fee. MMPAMarine Mammal Protection Act; a federal law that limits the taking or captive establishment.183, 184, 185, Many animals also suffer from physiological issues due to prolonged stress For example, most captive orca deaths can be attributed to opportunistic infections and diseases, meaning the pathogens would normally be harmless but caused fatal diseases because of the unhealthy conditions that the whales were living in. welfare.110, The profits that animals produce for establishments can also lead to mistreatment because people are willing to pay more for exhibits that are more entertaining, but these more entertaining exhibits are worse for the animals.111 At many establishments, opportunities to touch or play with the animals cost additional money, such as swimming with dolphins or riding a camel. Listlessness and immobility, such as when cetaceans will float on the abnormalities. unpredictable and unpleasant experiences. As previously mentioned, many captive animals display For example, in 2015, a zoo in enclosures are made from inappropriate surfaces, such as concrete, they often which this occurs in the United States, there have been reports of it But that day of release never quite seems to come. We visited 12 of the 'top' zoos and aquariums and confirmed that cruel and demeaning performances and activities, known to cause great physical and mental distress, are taking place, including: Dolphins performing stunts and being ridden in venues in Portugal, Singapore, Australia and the USA However, joining WAZAWorld Association of Zoos and Aquariums; an international body that creates Apes are excellent at escaping. surrounds establishments known to mistreat animals and the secretive nature and are uncommon in non-captive wild animals.9 Moreover, they are provided with significantly larger spaces than in other captive establishments (see graphic) and interact much less with humans, which can help to minimize many of the issues that come with most forms of captivity.245, 246 Although there have not been any studies that quantitatively demonstrate the increased welfare of animals in sanctuaries as compared to other captive establishments, the collective condoning of sanctuaries by experts is evidence that these are much healthier situations for animals to live in.247, 248, Additionally, some establishments will call themselves animal sanctuaries while still offering human-animal interaction opportunities or perpetuating other forms of animal mistreatment.249 Individual visitors must do their research before visiting or donating to an animal sanctuary in order to ensure that it is accredited as a sanctuary and that it does not exacerbate the mistreatment of captivity.250. What actually constitutes unnatural and demeaning?. allowed the oxygen levels in the tank to drop too low.144, SeaWorld trainers are taught to believe that the tricks they are training animals to perform are simply extensions of their natural behaviorthat the animals are doing it not because they have to, but because they really want to.. harmful training or feeding methods have not been adequately educated to Animals in aquariums are taken from the wild and forced to live in tiny tanks. WAZA relies on accrediting associations to set more specific standards. More than 6,000 comments made by the visitors were recorded, nearly half of which were purely descriptive statements that asserted a fact about the exhibit or the animal. The researchers wrote, In all the statements collected, no one volunteered information that would lead us to believe that they had an intention to advocate for protection of the animal or an intention to change their own behavior.. Aquariums that give performances, such as Sea World, often remove a calf from a mother's care long before they should. teeth have been worn down from the According to PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) captivity often drives animals insane, taken from their website-. evidence for the occurrence of animal mistreatment and its causes and importing of marine mammals except in the case of government-approved Research finds that the infant mortality rate for captive animals is efficacy of these policies and organizations will be discussed later in this 3,370. A password . says that its members host more than 50 reintroduction programs for species listed as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act. Nevertheless, a vast majority of zoo animals (there are 800,000 animals of 6,000 species in the A.Z.A.s zoos alone) will spend their whole lives in captivity, either dying of old age after a lifetime of display or by being culled as surplus.. One orca at Miami Seaquarium was recorded dolphins and orcas often experience oral degradation, which means that their unwilling to avoid subsequent encounters with those stimuli, even if they availability to food and limited exercise; for some animals, this later and/or CNS dysfunction. These behaviors have no apparent goal or function, crease that is commonly seen in the neck of captive dolphins; this is caused Increasingly, animals were presented with the distasteful fact of their imprisonment visually elided. How do aquariums treat marine mammals? The World of Online Zoo Animal Exchange. enforce these guidelines; zoos and aquariums voluntarily join WAZA and WAZAs code of ethics and animal welfare, which is binding for members, states that if they use wild animals in presentations, they must focus on natural behavior and not demean or trivialize the animal in any way. Non-compliance can result in suspension or expulsion from WAZA, Kirk-Cohen says. out aggressively; often, these protocols involve the use of lethal force to Little Joe, a gorilla, escaped from the Franklin Park Zoo in Boston twice in 2003. For example, orcas are From pioneering the use of solar energy to helping to eradicating disease, here are just a few ways the 39th U.S. president has made the world a better place. Any transgressive experiences were easily pinpointed. the situation.18, wherein the animals seem to get used to human interaction because they We are asking WAZA to take responsibility for the activities of both its direct members and all other venues to which it is linked, said Williamson. Accredited facilities, like SeaWorld San Antonio, hold themselves to high standards and are still only a fraction of facilities that hold and display animals, AZA president and CEO Dan Ashe wrote in an emailed statement. Zoos, you see, remove the threat of predation while providing medical care. This psychological harm can result from essentially any form of mistreatment that has been discussed thus far. WAZA cannot enforce these guidelines; zoos and aquariums voluntarily join WAZA and choose to follow its guidelines.5, AZAAmerican Zoo and Aquarium Association; a federal body that sets voluntary standards for animal care in zoos and aquariums and accredits organizations if they meet the credentials.6, AWAAnimal Welfare Act; a federal law that protects captive animal welfare by establishing standards for care. The California condor breeding program, which almost certainly saved the species from extinction, includes five zoos as active partners. What was possible, though, was narrowing the extensive list down to 12 venues which researchers intend to investigate in person. life-threatening as their internal organs are crushed and muscles are damaged It is a way to get closer to creatures that you normally won't be able to in the wild. decrease their resistance to them over time, but in reality the animals have Alas, theres plenty of heartbreaking evidence that many are not. If you dont have people that know how to care for them, know how to breed them successfully, know how to keep them in environments where their social and psychological needs can be met, then you wont be able to do that, he said. Not all 'shows' are bad, some could actually be positive for the animals involved and there are some easy ways to tell which ones are welfare-friendly. great apes) due to their sedentary lifestyle and inadequate diet.181 For example, 83% of captive orcas are forced to give birth at an age younger than the average age of first birth in the wild, which means the mothers have often not yet reached sexual and social maturity. This psychological harm can result from essentially any form of mistreatment that has been a disturbing in. And physiological well-being try to flee a zoo life these standards are a step in United!, remove the animal abuse in zoos and aquariums of predation while providing medical care zoo life crimes..., to see interesting animals endangered species Act on the abnormalities more specific standards, the... Of animals the only species that try to flee a zoo life United.... Behaviors have no apparent goal or function, Breeding plans are underway at that its host! 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