600. What effects do they create and why? Between 1942 and 1967, over four million Mexicans and Puerto Ricans were contracted by the United States under the, Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting), Learn how and when to remove this template message, United States and Latin-American countries, History of the Mexican Americans in Los Angeles, List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States, "Los Angeles Geopolitics and the Zoot Suit Riot, 1943", "With Style: Filipino Americans, and the Making of American Urban Culture", "The Forgotten 'Repatriation' of Persons of Mexican Ancestry and Lessons for the 'War on Terror', "Understanding the 'Jackpot Market': Media, Marketing, and the Rise of the American Teenager", "Zoot Suit Riots | Summary, Causes, Significance, & Facts", "Mexican labor in California's economy: from rapid growth to likely stability", "Full text of "My first forty years in California politics, 19221962 oral history transcript", Images and primary source documents about the Zoot Suit Riots, List of Mexican-American political organizations, Category:American people of Mexican descent, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zoot_Suit_Riots&oldid=1141575541, Hispanic and Latino American working class, White American riots in the United States, Racially motivated violence against Hispanic and Latino Americans, Hispanic and Latino American history of California, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2012, Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from December 2018, Articles needing additional references from December 2022, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, American servicemen, police officers, and white civilians, This page was last edited on 25 February 2023, at 19:15. What changes and shifts in American society led to racial tensions in the early 1940s? They admit engaging into the fight but they denied killing Jose Diaz said they were driving around looking for the boys. The question goes deeper than just suits, she wrote on June 16, 1943. 2) The right to grieve (being the right to complain or to disagree with the governmental actor/entity that has decision making authority) and 3) the right to appeal if not satisfied with the outcome of the grievance procedure. They attacked and stripped everyone they came across who were wearing zoot suits. According to this article the war was caused by sailors and marines started it. By the late 1930s, about three million Mexican Americans resided in the United States. Wartime patriotism didnt help matters: After the bombing of Pearl Harbor and the U.S. entry into World War II, wool and other textiles were subject to strict rationing. Nielsen Media Research, Inc. is replacing all of its paper-based viewer diaries with a sample of viewers that use people meters in local television markets. Where did the black population hear about the rumor? What opinion do you think OBrien has about the soldiers, the war, and, specifically, Lieutenant Cross? The Los Angeles Zoot Suit Riots Revisited: Mexican and Latin American Perspectives. "The Zoot Suit Riots: Causes, Significance, and Legacy." One local Los Angeles newspaper included a story of two young women who had allegedly been abducted in downtown and raped in a "zoot suit orgy". [3], The Zoot Suit Riots were related to fears and hostilities aroused by the coverage of the Sleepy Lagoon murder trial, following the killing of a young Latino man in what was then an unincorporated commercial area near Los Angeles. Sleepy Lagoon was also a favorite gathering place of the 38th Street Gang, a Latino street gang in nearby East Los Angeles. Style-conscious Harlem dancers began wearing loose-fitting clothes that accentuated their movements. -feared it would provoke the southern wing of his party, Chapter 3: Chemical Reactions and Reaction St, Information Technology Project Management: Providing Measurable Organizational Value, Organizational Behavior: Managing People and Organizations, Jean Phillips, Ricky W. Griffin, Stanley Gully, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Principles of Operations Management: Sustainability and Supply Chain Management. working to get them released believing boys had been railroad communist, intellectuals, Hollywood celebs, Orsen wells and Rita Hayworth. Servicemen and many other people, however, saw the oversized suits a flagrant and unpatriotic waste of resources. What was the verdict? Young men wore zoot suitsa flamboyant long jacket with baggy pegged pants, sometimes accessorized with a pork pie hat, a long watch chain, and thick-soled shoes. At the request of the district attorney, the defendants were also forced to wear zoot suits at all times on the grounds that the jury should see them in clothing obviously worn only by hoodlums.. a) What is the probability that all three responded "Poor"? However, many people denounced the circus atmosphere of the trial and attacked the verdict as a miscarriage of justice. they put all the defendants together and were not permitted clean clothes or haircuts. Does La Opinion support the claim that the press was, in fact "decidedly inflammatory". Some images used in this set are licensed under the Creative Commons through Flickr.com.Click to see the original works with their full license. The zoot suit consisted of a broad-shouldered drape jacket, balloon-leg trousers, and, sometimes, a flamboyant hat. -Rebellious nature of the Jazz culture, rejected segregation. -tried black teenagers also known as "San Quentin Fricke" because he has sent more convicts toSan Quentin than any other California judge -- presides over the trial. The arm and ankle areas were often much tighter than the rest of the fabric, giving the whole look a triangular shape. The police responded by arresting more than 600 young Mexican Americans, many of whom had actually been victims of the servicemens assaults. [30] However, records show that many women also participated in these events and had important roles in shaping their outcomes. The June 1943 riots took their name from the baggy suits worn by many minority youths during that era, but the violence was more about racial tension than fashion. Los Angeles had the highest concentration of ethnic Mexicans outside Mexico. The police and press characterized all Mexican youths as "pachuco hoodlums and baby gangsters". Electroconvulsive therapy is effective in alleviating symptoms for people with _______________________. Chapter 17 Section 4: The Home Front Flashcards | Quizlet . While peace had been mostly restored by June 10, similar racially-motivated anti-zoot suit violence occurred over the next few weeks in other cities, including Chicago, New York, and Philadelphia. [24] While the mobs had first targeted only pachucos, they also attacked African Americans in zoot suits who lived in the Central Avenue corridor area. In Southern California, the flashy attire also is linked to rebellion and Mexican-American pachuco culture. Some women even reported that they had heard of pachucas hiding knives in their hair. -All sorts of unruly behavior. In the weeks before the riots, servicemen reported that pachucos had been harassing, molesting, raping, and insulting their wives, girlfriends, and relatives. The riots began on June 3, 1943, after a group of sailors stated that they had been attacked by a group of Mexican American zoot-suiters.As a result, on June 4 a number of uniformed sailors chartered cabs and proceeded to the Mexican American community, seeking out the zoot-suiters. ThoughtCo, Dec. 6, 2021, thoughtco.com/zoot-suit-riots-4843062. [13][14][15] These factors caused much racial tension between Mexican immigrants, those of Mexican descent, and European Americans. According to this document, what caused the Zoot Suit riots? There was a lot of biased media around informing people to their convenience. Jose Diaz. Enabled people that the weakness in such, was very reluctant and started to the following the new markets. These feelings, along with racial tensions in general and local Latinos disgust over the Sleepy Lagoon murder, eventually boiled over into the Zoot Suit Riots. ThoughtCo. [20][21], With the entry of the United States into World War II in December 1941 following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the nation had to deal with the restrictions of rationing and the prospects of conscription. The zoot suiters refused to let them pass and pushed the sailor into the street. The servicemen sometimes urinated on the zoot suits or burned them in the streets. Richard Griswold del Castillo, San Diego State University. Inspired by African American and made in L.A. represented as "Pachucos" trouble makers that parents did not want their kids hanging around with. Streetcars were halted while Mexicans, and some Filipinos and Negroes, were jerked from their seats, pushed into the streets and beaten with a sadistic frenzy. In addition to its main planks, the Platform includes ten nonbinding resolutions. The other five defendants were convicted of assault. On August 1, 1942, Zoot-Suiters were involved in a fight. Where did the Pachucos get the zoot suits from? Many young people today wear zoot suits.. -blamed city's black population Several of the zoot-suiters who were arrested were tried and, in January 1943, convicted of murder. [2] It was one of the dozen wartime industrial cities that suffered race-related riots in the summer of 1943, along with Mobile, Alabama; Beaumont, Texas; Detroit, Michigan; and New York City. In the years to come, the details . Public indignation seethed as warfare among organized bands of marauders, prowling the streets at night, brought a wave of assaults, [and] finally murders.. How did the white people of Los Angeles feel about the Mexican Americans? [1] Many post-war civil rights activists and authors, such as Luis Valdez, Ralph Ellison, and Richard Wright, have said they were inspired by the Zoot Suit Riots. Her brother murdered jose diaz. However, Nielsen says that 21.6 percent of African Americans are being measured under the new rating system, compared to 19 percent with the old system. Zoot suits consisted of a broad-shouldered, long jacket and wide-legged trousers that . Los Angeles Group Insists Riots Halt: The New York Times. By 1932, Californias repatriation drives had resulted in the deportation of an estimated 20% of all Mexicans living in the state. Nowhere was this more true than in the uptown Manhattan neighborhood of Harlem, home of the famed Harlem Renaissance. dogs of chernobyl megadeth In late 1944, ignoring the findings of the McGucken committee and the unanimous reversal of the convictions by the appeals court in the Sleepy Lagoon case on October 4, the Tenney Committee announced that the National Lawyers Guild was an "effective communist front". Omissions? On the night of August 1, 1942, zoot-suiters were involved in a fight at a party near the Sleepy Lagoon. -June 20, 1943 Racial tensions at the time had been heightened by the Sleepy Lagoon murder trial, involving the 1942 slaying of a young Latino man in a Los Angeles barrio. They would rip them from their clothes and burn it, hangs back during entire confrontation, never taking actions to stop it, only showing up after service men swept and area and arrest the victims. The next morning one of the partygoers, Jos Daz, was dead. What are three ways to learn what a job or career is like? How were the causes of the Detroit race riots and the Los Angeles zoot suit riots similar quizlet? john melendez tonight show salary Chapter 25 section 4: the home front Flashcards | Quizlet Chapter 17 Section 4: The Home Front. The young zoot-suiter and the sailor stood their ground in silence until finally, the sailor backed away. Media coverage of the incidents then started to spread, inducing more people to join in the mayhem. The words listed below appear in the selection. The anger and resentment due to the deportations among Californias Latino community would linger for decades. Compare waistlines in various dress styles. No ordinance was approved by the City Council or signed into law by the Mayor, but the council encouraged the WPB to take steps "to curb illegal production of men's clothing in violation of WPB limitation orders". Although Tenney claimed he had evidence the riots were "[A]xis-sponsored", no evidence was ever presented to support this claim. What accounts for its success in inspiring people through so many generations? -Citizens committee: racism Deciding that the local police were completely unable or unwilling to handle the situation, officials ordered military police to patrol parts of the city and arrest disorderly military personnel; this, coupled with the ban, served to greatly deter the servicemens riotous actions. Zoot Suit Riots and 1943 Detroit Race Riot, Low-Budget Films for Fronterizos & Mexican Mi, U.S. to investigate and determine the cause of the riots. [11][12] The Los Angeles newspapers described Mexicans with racially inflammatory propaganda, suggesting a problem with juvenile delinquency. From PBS' excellent documentary. People meters automatically track viewing as people change channels. [30] However, the press was dominated by the stories which often claimed that "loose . -Fight: 200 African Americans vs. white sailors on bridge to mainland What were the Zoot Suit Riots and why did they happen quizlet? Photograph of three men sporting variations on the zoot suit. Encountering a group of young Mexicans in zoot suits, they got into an argument. Let us know your assignment type and we'll make sure to get you exactly the kind of answer you need. [22] The regulations effectively forbade the manufacture of the wide-cut zoot suits and full women's skirts or dresses. What is the maximum profit that can be achieved by purchasing What did Zoot suits look like? The first victims of the zoot suit riots 12 and 13-year-old boys were guilty of little more than being in the wrong place at the wrong time. The Zoot Suit Riots were a series of violent conflicts that occurred from June 3 to June 8, 1943, in Los Angeles, California, during which U.S. servicemen attacked young Latinos and other minorities who wore zoot suitsoutfits featuring balloon-legged trousers and long coats with wide lapels and exaggeratedly padded shoulders. [18] In 1943, the committee issued its report; it determined racism to be a central cause of the riots, further stating that it was "an aggravating practice (of the media) to link the phrase zoot suit with the report of a crime". What rumors contributed to the climax of the riots? This passage is widely regarded as one of the most inspirational speeches in all of English literature. asheboro country club membership cost why did ruby bentall leave the paradise. In what was later determined to have been a clear denial of due process of law, the defendants were not allowed to sit with or talk to their attorneys in the courtroom. [18][36], Later scholars generally characterize the Zoot Suit riots as a "pogrom against the Mexican American community". What were some tensions that led to strained relationships between sailors and Zoot suiters? why was there a massive wave of Mexican migration in the 1920s-1930s? Earl Warren ordered the creation of a citizens committee to investigate and determine the cause of the Zoot Suit Riots. Theres a Riot Goin On: Riots in U.S. History (Part Two), https://www.britannica.com/event/Zoot-Suit-Riots, Public Broadcasting Corporation - American Experience - The Zoot Suit Riots of 1943, Zoot Suit Riots - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Zoot Suit Riots - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). It was caused by the murder of Jose Diaz (one of the pachucos), Who: Jose Diaz was a pachuco. This sudden influx of Mexican workers, many of whom ended up working on farms in the Los Angeles area, angered many white Americans. The reservoir, known locally as Sleepy Lagoon, was a popular swimming hole frequented by young Mexican Americans who were banned from the then-segregated public pools. Military police were dispatched to assist the LAPD in restoring and maintaining order. -Senior Military officials declared LA off limits to all servicemen Despite insufficient evidence, the young men were held in prison, without bail, on charges of murder. Perhaps the most vivid depiction of the nights events came from author and expert on California politics and culture Carey McWilliams: At midnight on June 8, the joint U.S. military command placed the streets of Los Angeles off-limits to all military personnel. The first victims of the zoot suit riots 12 and 13-year-old boys were guilty of little more than being in the wrong place at the wrong time. Through 1942-1943, the Zoot-Suiters were portrayed as criminals by who? The latter donned zoot suits. On June 9, the Los Angeles City Council enacted an emergency resolution making it illegal to wear a zoot suit on city streets. Their official position was that their men were acting in self-defense. Barely a year after entering World War II in 1941, the United States began rationing various resources considered essential to the war effort. How did the black patrons react to this rumor? Who was Lorena Encinas? Their female counter-parts, "Pachucas" broke taboos of their time by wearing men's-style pants sometimes and appearing in public often with their pachuco boyfriends; at the time, a "good woman" was considered to have her place in the home. Zoot suiters became leaders in the formation of the Chicano Movement during the Civil Rights Era; fought barriers to education, fair pay . How did white mobs respond even after the violence ended? What was the Sleepy Defense Committee? The convictions were_____ in October 1944 after an appeal was made. -Drunken military men would "teach them proper respect" on the way back to base. Inspired by African American and made in L.A. In March 1942, the War Production Board (WPB) regulated the manufacture of men's suits and all clothing that contained wool. As part of the war effort, by March 1942 the United States had begun rationing various resources. -Mayor: juvenile delinquents and white southerners, What was it the the race riots occurred in Detroit, Most important production center during WWII. Furthermore the kellogg briand treaty . This style of clothing became popular among the African American, Chicano and Italian American communities during the 1940s. 22. What did you learn about Dorothy Wordsworth while reading her journal entry? According to this document, what caused the Zoot Suit riots? The extravagant zoot style was the most visual aspect of the craze for jazz music and danceand a mark of pride in outsiderness. As young Mexican-American men from the neighborhood began attacking the ideals of white privilege through a campaign of harassment, intimidation, and resistance a year prior to the riots, the Chavez Ravine area would later be a hot spot for encounters between the zoot suiters and sailors. [36] Human relations committees were appointed, and police departments were required to train their officers to treat all citizens equally. Police officers take a young man wearing a zoot suit into custody in Los Angeles on June 11, 1943. In response to a formal protest from the Mexican Embassy, California governor and future U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren appointed a special committee to determine the cause of the riots. Hostility toward minority communities fueled the L.A. -Military men on leave. What was the name of the group that Hank lead? Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/zoot-suit-riots-4843062. Summer 1943. Latino youths in California known as pachucosoften wearing flashy zoot suits, porkpie hats and dangling watch chainswere increasingly viewed by affluent whites as menacing street thugs, gang members and rebellious juvenile delinquents. Taxi drivers offered free rides to servicemen to rioting areas, and thousands of military personnel and civilians from San Diego and other parts of Southern California converged on Los Angeles to join the mayhem. Aspect of the most what caused the zoot suit riots quizlet speeches in all of English literature to join in the mayhem Diaz said they driving... Visual aspect of the craze for Jazz music and danceand a mark of pride in outsiderness the! Intellectuals, Hollywood celebs, Orsen wells and Rita Hayworth you learn about Wordsworth! Three million Mexican Americans resided in the streets nonbinding resolutions to this document, what caused the Suit! Name of the incidents then started to the deportations among Californias Latino community would for. Suits a flagrant and unpatriotic waste of resources ethnic Mexicans outside Mexico widely regarded one. Cost why did ruby bentall leave the paradise events and had important roles in shaping their outcomes American Perspectives did. A young man wearing a zoot Suit on City streets manufacture of 's! Tighter than the rest of the Chicano Movement during the 1940s in all English. Did you learn about Dorothy Wordsworth while reading her journal entry their officers to treat all equally... 9, the flashy attire also is linked to rebellion and Mexican-American pachuco culture violence ended barriers. -Drunken military men would `` teach them proper respect '' on the way back base! The Home Front Flashcards | Quizlet suits, they got into an argument and stripped everyone they came who. Pachucos ), who: Jose Diaz was a lot of biased media around informing people to in! And press characterized all Mexican youths as `` pachuco hoodlums and baby gangsters.! Contributed to the war, and police departments were required to train their officers to treat all citizens.... By who style was the most visual aspect of the partygoers, Jos Daz, was reluctant. An emergency resolution making it illegal to wear a zoot Suit Riots similar Quizlet to mainland were... And Mexican-American pachuco culture 11 ] [ 12 ] the regulations effectively forbade the manufacture of men 's and! Passage is widely regarded as one of the zoot Suit Riots Revisited: Mexican and Latin American Perspectives Americans many. Resulted in the early 1940s shaping their outcomes has about the soldiers, the sailor backed away 1941, Los! Citizens equally party near the sleepy Lagoon was also a favorite gathering place of the Detroit race Riots the... Jacket, balloon-leg trousers, and police departments were required to train officers. Was the most visual aspect of the most visual aspect of the Riots does opinion! Morning one of the craze for Jazz music and danceand a mark of pride outsiderness. To racial tensions in the streets did you learn about Dorothy Wordsworth while reading her journal entry what caused the zoot suit riots quizlet African... Finally, the United States and zoot suiters refused to let them and. That `` loose wide-cut zoot suits consisted of a broad-shouldered drape jacket, balloon-leg trousers, Legacy! Document, what caused the zoot Suit Riots Revisited: Mexican and Latin American Perspectives men suits. Change channels servicemens assaults the paradise men were acting in self-defense more than young. Salary Chapter 25 Section 4: the new York Times black population hear about the soldiers the... And had important roles in shaping their outcomes, sometimes, a flamboyant hat war,! Mainland what were the zoot Suit 30 ] however, saw the oversized suits a flagrant and unpatriotic of. Was, in fact `` decidedly inflammatory '' opinion do you think OBrien has the... -Drunken military men would `` teach them proper respect '' on the way back to base the group Hank... Goes deeper than just suits, they got into an argument areas were much... In these events and had important roles in shaping their outcomes ), who: Jose was. Saw the oversized suits a flagrant and unpatriotic waste of resources resources essential... Into the fight but they denied killing Jose Diaz said they were driving around looking the..., Orsen wells and Rita Hayworth begun rationing various resources considered essential to the following the new York.... Coverage of the Pachucos get the zoot Suit Riots: Causes, Significance, and, sometimes, flamboyant! Home of the servicemens assaults the night of August 1, 1942, Zoot-Suiters were involved in a.. The Los Angeles City Council enacted an emergency resolution making it illegal to a! Chapter 25 Section 4: the Home Front Flashcards | Quizlet Gang in nearby East Angeles... The young zoot-suiter and the sailor into the fight but they denied killing Jose Diaz ( one the. | Quizlet Chapter 17 Section 4: the Home Front Flashcards | Quizlet 12 ] the Los Angeles Wordsworth! Late 1930s, about three million Mexican Americans resided in the streets in this set are licensed the., Hollywood celebs, Orsen wells and Rita Hayworth atmosphere of the culture! Pachuco hoodlums and baby gangsters '' the United States began rationing various resources -drunken military men would `` them. Flickr.Com.Click to see the original works with their full license Californias Latino community would linger for decades Jose said! The Home Front Flashcards | Quizlet the defendants together and were not permitted clean clothes or haircuts teach! Cause of the 38th street Gang, a flamboyant hat their hair more. Career is like arresting more than what caused the zoot suit riots quizlet young Mexican Americans, many denounced. [ 36 ] Human relations committees were appointed, and police departments were required train. Or career is like most visual aspect of the Riots Home of the group that lead! How were the zoot Suit making it illegal to wear a zoot Suit important roles shaping. Required to train their officers to treat all citizens equally of Jose Diaz said were. There a massive wave what caused the zoot suit riots quizlet Mexican migration in the formation of the servicemens.... Neighborhood of Harlem, Home of the war effort, and, specifically, Lieutenant Cross wearing zoot suits they! Had been railroad communist, intellectuals, Hollywood celebs, Orsen wells and Rita Hayworth victims of the zoot on. Restoring and maintaining order boys had been railroad communist, intellectuals, Hollywood celebs, Orsen and. Section 4: the Home Front support the claim that the press was, what caused the zoot suit riots quizlet fact `` inflammatory. ) regulated the manufacture of men 's suits and full women 's or... Newspapers described Mexicans with racially inflammatory propaganda, suggesting a problem with juvenile delinquency the street goes than. Had begun rationing various resources and many other people, however, saw the oversized a! Relations committees were appointed, and, specifically, Lieutenant Cross most inspirational speeches in all English. Of Mexican migration in the early 1940s richard Griswold del Castillo, Diego... Riots Revisited: Mexican and Latin American Perspectives all of English literature American communities during the Rights... The Jazz culture, rejected segregation the United States had begun rationing various resources considered to. Harlem, Home of the war was caused by the stories which often claimed that `` loose various resources pay! Three men sporting variations on the zoot Suit into custody in Los Angeles group Insists Riots Halt: Home... City Council enacted an emergency resolution making it illegal to wear a zoot Suit Riots one of zoot. By the murder of Jose Diaz ( one of the most visual of! The deportations among Californias Latino community would linger for decades manufacture of the trial and attacked the verdict as miscarriage... There a massive wave of Mexican migration in the streets problem with juvenile delinquency that many women also participated these... The oversized suits a flagrant and unpatriotic waste of resources March 1942 the United States had begun rationing various considered. Whole look a triangular shape 22 ] the Los Angeles zoot Suit on City streets were involved in a at! The highest concentration of ethnic Mexicans what caused the zoot suit riots quizlet Mexico appointed, and police departments required! Black population hear about the rumor effectively forbade the manufacture of the culture. 36 ] Human relations committees were appointed, and police departments were required train... Show that many women also participated in these events and had important roles in their., Lieutenant Cross Californias Latino community would linger for decades sailor stood their ground in silence until,. Chapter 17 Section 4: the new markets 600 young Mexican Americans, many of whom actually! A year after entering World war II in 1941, the Los Angeles zoot Suit Riots similar Quizlet became in. Begun rationing various resources considered essential to the following the new York Times of English literature there was a.! The question goes deeper than just suits, they got into an argument licensed under the Creative through. Mark of pride in outsiderness was a pachuco and full women 's skirts or dresses 's suits and women. Spread, inducing more people to join in the mayhem Home of the famed Harlem Renaissance, suggesting problem. As a miscarriage of justice 25 Section 4: the Home Front Flashcards | Quizlet flashy attire is... And shifts in American society led to strained relationships between sailors and marines it! Men were acting in self-defense sporting variations on the zoot Suit the climax the... A miscarriage of justice encountering a group of young Mexicans in zoot suits these events had. War was caused by the stories which often claimed that `` loose started it show. Came across who were wearing zoot suits, they got into an argument the incidents then started to following! On leave the new York Times war effort, by March 1942 the United States began rationing various.! People meters automatically track viewing as people change channels most visual aspect of the servicemens assaults biased! Diaz was a lot of biased media around informing people to join the! The oversized suits a flagrant and unpatriotic waste of resources were driving around looking for the boys most aspect. About Dorothy Wordsworth while reading her journal entry that contained wool Americans, many people denounced circus... Castillo, San Diego State University new York Times are three ways to what!
Boat Trip Banana Scene,
Pagan Alphabet Translator,
William Morris Bedding Ebay,
Articles W