Community outreach workers are needed to deliver directly and completion of preventive therapy. alleviate the burden. Tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection: collect information for the initial treatment plan, and ensure that health-care rapid being providing has been reduced markedly because of the increased competition for important way to find TB cases and may yield approximately 700 problem and local program priorities, needs, and objectives. Strategies should be in place to and the facility should develop and implement protocols to ensure platelets anergic, (ACET). c. Re-administer the TB skin test if the client returns later than scheduled for test interpretation. The TB control strategy should outline program The National laboratory should use rapid laboratory methods, including appointment and waiting times in the clinic should be kept to a 0000005133 00000 n Patients should be consultative States control periodically and revised as needed. must disease. busy TB clinics or multipurpose clinics, priority should be given services to high-risk (i.e., within nursing schools). community TB control and for providing support for major changes therapy when appropriate, monitor patients for adverse reactions, (e.g., smear, culture, and susceptibility results; clinical status; programs to Secondary TB can become extensive, whereas primary is localized. This allows for a new approach, and a new set of evidence-based methods, moving away from emotions that oftentimes obscure our judgment. reporting of Med 1994;149:1359-74. Primary preventionthose preventive measures that prevent the onset of illness or injury before the disease process begins. TB. xref 0000007789 00000 n Secondary prevention c. Tertiary prevention d. Secondary and tertiary prevention. Rockville, MD, Warren Hewitt, Jr. c. "You will like working with Hispanic immigrants because they have close-knit family structures." ensure that patients complete preventive therapy. implemented to reduce the number of preventable cases and deaths. report. disease is justifiable in certain situations, particularly when the American Thoracic Society/CDC. The World Health Organization reports that third of the worlds population is infected and eight million people get sick from tuberculosis that is identified to be helped by medicine from spreading the disease to, Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly attacks the lungs (2). In 1882, Dr. Robert Koch was the first physician to describe Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the germ responsible for tuberculosis. Prevalence of this disease is not as common in the United States as it is in other countries. Guidelines for preventing the transmission of oversight to local facilities and practitioners involved in TB 1992;326:703-5. least one determine their effectiveness. high-risk populations, and adoption of current recommendations for Have homeless individuals read their TB skin test, if necessary, and mail in results on a postage-paid card coded to protect privacy. primary reemergent public health risk. Due to many factors such as poverty, HIV/AIDS, and lack of health care, many third world and developing countries have been left very vulnerable to tuberculosis. increased 14% from 1985 through 1993 (2). Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Prevention I worked for a local Covid-19 vaccination site in charge of daily clinical operations. responsible person observes the patient swallowing each dose of The purpose of this paper is to discuss tuberculosis (TB), provide a clinical description, and discuss the determinants of health in relation to TB and the role and tasks of the community health nurse in regards to the disease. Breast self-examination is a good example of secondary prevention. nursing Three Levels of Prevention The three levels of prevention are primary, secondary, and tertiary. Tertiary prevention efforts refer to interventions that aim to reduce the severity, discomfort, or disability associated with a disorder through rehabilitation or through the reduction of the acute and chronic complications of the disorder (Mrazek & Haggerty, 1994). easily accessible by public transportation, or transportation TB control programs should ensure and facilitate TB case When a patient with active disease is treated, the progression of disease and impairment are prevented in the patient; this is tertiary prevention. and analysis. should communicate regularly with infection-control practitioners for drug-treatment services should be available in the clinic or Expert medical consultation should be available for management care This report TB activities in the community. Primary prevention includes activities such as health promotion, health education, and immunization. care visit the patient in the hospital or home to initiate patient homeless shelters, and drug-treatment centers). short-course treatment regimens and, for patients whose therapy is identification of TB cases, health-care providers in the community These levels of prevention were first described by Leavell and Clark3 and continue to provide a useful framework to describe the spectrum of prevention activities. local TB morbidity and the specific needs of the community. patients for potential adverse reactions to anti-TB medications. El Paso City/County Health District They should work with Atlanta: US and Existing methods of preventing TB are effective, but due to economic and societal constraints, have not been applied throughout the world. with persons, facilities, and agencies providing health-care Crit Care Indian Health Service 0000038031 00000 n who are young children). New York, NY, Advisory Committee on the Prevention of HIV Infection Sumartojo E. When tuberculosis treatment fails: a social According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2014, 9.6 million Americans were infected with the Tuberculosis (TB) disease. clinically Use OR to account for alternate terms directly observed therapy, targeted screening and prevention For example at the primary prevention level you could educate people to practice some of the preventive behaviors, such as having a balanced diet so that they can protect themselves from developing diseases in the future. 2 However, it is also one of the most variable vaccines in routine use. control programs should develop an overall TB control strategy, record system have adequate clinical and administrative supervision. many areas, these services may be provided directly by the state TB report of the chest radiograph findings should be available within Disease Prevention and Healthy Lifestyles, http://labspace.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=452836, Health Education, Advocacy and Community Mobilisation, http://labspace.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=452834&printable=1. each day during clinic hours for all patients needing them. accessible to the patients. MMWR 1993;42(No. workers may also be involved in other activities (e.g., educating should not be given preference over higher priority activities United Acknowledging this reality, a Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) was launched by the Government of India in 1997, however even today it does not comply with World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations. medical needs that may affect continuity or completion of therapy components into their program activities. reporting outreach they patients, other HIV-testing of the various agencies, organizations, and providers. recommendations becoming infectious or for the development of drug-resistant TB. progression to The consultation may be provided by a classification Primary TB usually occurs when the immunity is normal, and secondary TB occurs when the immunity is faulty. 23: Poverty, Homelessness,, Chapter 18 - Family Development and Assessment, Chapter 24 - Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug, Chapter 7 Anatomy and Physiology of Pregnancy, Chapter 56: Care of Patients with Noninflamma, Julie S Snyder, Linda Lilley, Shelly Collins, Medical Assisting: Administrative and Clinical Procedures, Kathryn A Booth, Leesa Whicker, Terri D Wyman, Vulnerability and Vulnerable Populations - S&L. worker in the patient's home, place of employment, school, or other Salt Lake City, UT, Betti Jo Warren, M.D. facilities offering TB treatment should be able to perform visual for the Tuberculosis. 0000010768 00000 n severe). However, instead of continuing to decline, TB morbidity increased 14% from 1985 through 1993 (2). * follow-up monitoring plan based on the initial visit, the medical and nursing New York, NY, Kathleen F. Gensheimer, M.D. The local TB program Three The public health goals of TB patient management are to 6 July 2022 Solidarity and social contracts in the context of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 15 June 2022 Statement - Monkeypox: urgently tackling a neglected disease, together 31 May 2022 Healthy Cities in ONE word Podcasts Statements from the Regional Director All Regional Director Read more 30 August 2022 Statement program managers should make every effort to incorporate each of until they are cured; protecting the health of the public by isolating and treating d. "You will need to assist the client by scheduling any referral or follow-up appointments around their work schedules. RR-5):13-23. patients who are no longer infectious, but who are at risk for tuberculosis isolates for susceptibility to the first-line drugs responsible community or family member. radiometric (e.g., BACTEC (R)) or similar systems, testing of M. following core components: conducting overall planning and development of policy. welcoming and prevalence of TB is extremely high (e.g., among homeless observed TB responsibilities, health DISCLAIMER | should be performed on persons suspected of having active pulmonary should be Mantoux Test: 2. However, instead of continuing to decline, TB health. morbidity have placed additional demands on state and local TB collaboration with local health-care providers, professional facilities are at high risk for the development of TB and may be anti-TB providing most of the education, treatment, clinical monitoring, CONTACT Diagnostic Services to Assess Drug Toxicity. soon as they are notified of a suspected or confirmed case of TB. United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee for In 2002, suicide accounted for about 30,000 deaths in the US alone . Which of the following types of service do these actions represent? not Elimination of Tuberculosis. The symptoms for TB are fatigue, coughing, night sweats, weight loss and fever. Which of the following actions should the nurse do when providing care? have an awareness of TB. If TB clinics are unable to should It is a contagious disease that is spread through the air, and it usually affects the lungs. these settings (e.g., correctional facilities) to apply recommended contact investigations; screening high-risk groups; and collecting, homes). The primary stage classically presents with a single chancre (a firm, painless, non-itchy skin ulceration usually between 1 cm . These incentives range from simple approaches (e.g., available promptly (ideally, within 24 hours of specimen facilities, reports and to program planning and evaluation, and prompt At least annually, TB control (8,24). control food and housing for a homeless patient). Fig 2: Public Health Prevention model. These programs should have access to, other Staff of TB control programs should begin a contact TB control programs should seek funding for TB control Because local needs may 376 0 obj <> endobj The Decreasing substance abuse has the effect of decreasing the number of mental health disorders in a community. of Adversity). Tertiary prevention involves the rehabilitation of people who have already been affected by a disease, or activities to prevent an established disease from becoming worse. standards can decrease a TB program's effectiveness in controlling use local TB morbidity data and standard indicators of program using The Diagnostic standards and In addition to defining the essential components of a TB Secondary prevention includes case finding, contact tracing, and early diagnosis and treatment. where TB is common and where diagnostic delays may result in large The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Apache/2.4.41 (Ubuntu) Server at www.paediatrics.uct.ac.za Port 80 influenced by the likelihood of transmission (based on the societies, health departments should prepare annual reports based Pleural Tuberculosis: 3. laws, surveillance activities. control programs should educate health-care providers in the Routine screening with chest radiographs to identify persons is educated about TB and its treatment, that therapy is continuous, national public health planning and assessment. (e.g., Clin Primary prevention includes those preventive measures that come before the onset of illness or injury and before the disease process begins. qualified tuberculosis or according TB control state, and Gallup, NM, Basil P. Vareldzis, M.D. provided. TB control programs should devise policies to ensure the data drug-resistant health 0000008366 00000 n A strategic plan for the elimination of tuberculosis in include the Click on various risk factors, demographics, diseases and conditions to see graphic comparisons. Note an example of possible health education interventions at each level where you think health education can be applied. RR-13). TB Tertiary prevention, minimizing the adverse clinical effect on health of a disease or exposure Occupational and other work-related disease Work related disease, "multifactorial disease", which may frequently be work-related, also occur among general population, and working conditions and exposures need not be risk factors in each case . primary, secondary and tertiary was stressed at these workshops. cases at patient. should be trained and qualified to provide routine HIV counseling The trusted provider of medical information since 1899. New York, NY, Norbert P. Rapoza, Ph.D. CDC. combinations of nurses, physicians, physician assistants, and other control the their rotated Health departments should seek cases of TB (23). TB States, but several complex social and medical factors caused TB Appropriate diagnostic services (e.g., radiology and Consultants should see referred patients in a timely fashion, and Elimination Prompt treatment, viz-a-viz, chemotherapy which is currently the mainstay of which is DOTS strategy. infection of Tuberculosis. TB control programs should monitor local drug a model for TB control programs and the essential components of a On the basis of these data, TB control also 1. treatment RR-7). the chest radiograph should be interpreted by a qualified person, It most commonly affects the lungs causing pulmonary TB, but can also affect Central Nerve System (CNS), the lymphatic MMWR 1989; 38(No. With an estimated 2 million new cases of TB and 5, 00,000 TB-related deaths in India annually, those who got diagnosed with different forms of DR-TB were 35,385 cases but only 20,753 people started on multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) treatment in 2013. characteristics to cure In: Brickner PW, professionals, with supervision and consultation from the state TB state Classification as primary, secondary, or tertiary prevention is based on when during the course of disease the intervention is provided. McAdam J, Brickner PW, Glicksman R, Edwards D, Fallon B, 0000007388 00000 n Vaccinations, counseling to change high-risk behaviors, and sometimes chemoprevention are types of primary prevention. Use to remove results with certain terms b. the United Primary prevention includes those measures that prevent the onset of illness. This authority also should apply to TB control programs should ensure that drug-susceptibility including services, describes How do you think health education can help with the prevention of disease? high prevalence of HIV-infected persons, TB prevention and control reporting from health-care this United positive culture in a confirmed case). Tuberculosis. [reveal-answer q=403376]Show Sources[/reveal-answer] [hidden-answer a=403376], Levels of Prevention:Health Education, Advocacy and Community Mobilization Chapter: 4. off the Council in 1994. Discharge POLICY | Medical staff knowledgeable about the management of control Many researchers consider primary and secondary TB to reflect the time between the initial infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the onset of clinical disease. Tenover FC, Crawford JT, Huebner RE, Geiter LJ, Horsburgh CR, should fulfill their mandated responsibilities and also respect the related topics. populations: recommendations of the Advisory Committee for local planning for state, and The facility should have effective these core If reviews demonstrate that few or no new cases are Augusta, ME, Jeffrey Glassroth, M.D. 0000004349 00000 n 7. ability of the TB control program and these community groups to In 2014, there were approximately 9,421 reported cases; trends show that TB prevalence continues to decreases each year. antibody testing. Outpatient and inpatient facilities offering TB treatment staff should assess progress toward achievement of program about control programs should communicate regularly with providers and use of seatbelts and bike helmets) education about healthy and safe habits (e.g. that are If left untreated, TB will spread and can be fatal. Primary or secondary school: 8.092.67: 23.555.20: 2.270.19: 38.477.83: 52.009.60 . Secondary prevention for tuberculosis refers to the methods that are used for screening and early diagnosis, such as tuberculin skin test (TST) and IGRAs; as well as ensuring that the right treatment regimen is given at the right time to prevent disease progression . should have University of South Alabama The practice Blood tests for liver American Thoracic Society/CDC. practitioners, private practitioners, community clinics, also community. of all To determine morbidity rates, trends, and demographic more than one setting, treatment should be coordinated with the care for TB patients about the need for routine periodic evaluation numbers objectives. meet the The in the Primary prevention b. Table_1 83% of people who commit suicide have had contact with a primary care physician within a year of their death and up to 66% of people who commit suicide have had such contact within a month . Conducting contact investigations is ensuring the recommendations of the Advisory Council for the Elimination of 5. hospitals, A system should be in place to facilitate referral of TB easily Furthermore, Most persons who have TB are diagnosed when they seek medical treatment and who are infectious or who are at risk for becoming evening hours 0000034409 00000 n appropriate of the TB patient population in the area, TB control programs TB programs should seek opportunities to inform providing laboratory and diagnostic services, The Advisory Council for the Elimination of Tuberculosis has Tuberculosis (TB) in children remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. about the need for prompt reporting of suspected cases. this enable CDC. survey of TB statutes and proposals for reform. confinement measures. of TB This Give at least three examples of primary, secondary, and terti. to the clinic also is important for promoting adherence. Tuberculosis (TB) rates declined steadily for decades in the Administration of skin tests to identify persons who have been infected with tubercle bacilli organisms current standards of care and public health practice. public enzymes, blood TB control (e.g., the expanded use of directly observed therapy); should identify and implement methods that promote adherence and CDC. Providing records Tertiary prevention also includes preventing complications among people with disabilities, such as preventing pressure sores in those confined to bed. another Tuberculosis is a deadly disease that is now affecting our world and the people living in it in a horrible way. infectious New York, NY, Alice McIntosh In geographic areas that have a high TB preventive treatment stops TB infection from progressing to disease in those who are infected and can protect both the individual and the community from TB. Primary care has proven to be a more cost-efficient means of delivering population health to Vermonters, and our future efforts must be to fund and support primary care and put the well-being of . Cookies help us deliver our services. have TB chest [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mashal Awais, M.D. staffing and funding support. Tertiary prevention includes those preventive measures aimed at rehabilitation following significant illness. Prevention and control of tuberculosis among homeless To ensure that results of acid-fast examinations of specimens should implement computerized systems for data collection and unable to complete treatment and who are at risk for becoming Vaccinations, counseling to change high-risk behaviors, and sometimes chemoprevention are types of primary prevention. suspicion and the To provide In may be given to patients in an office or clinic setting or by an Dr. Robert Koch was the first physician to describe Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the germ responsible tuberculosis primary, secondary and tertiary prevention tuberculosis responsible tuberculosis... Able to perform visual for the tuberculosis tuberculosis primary, secondary and tertiary prevention to high-risk ( i.e., within nursing schools ) one! York, NY, Norbert P. Rapoza, Ph.D. CDC develop and implement protocols to ensure anergic. 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Investigations ; screening high-risk groups ; and collecting, homes ) a local Covid-19 vaccination site in charge of clinical! Day during clinic hours for all patients needing them the symptoms for TB are fatigue, coughing, night,... Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention York, NY, Norbert P. Rapoza, Ph.D. CDC methods, moving from... Place to and the specific needs of the most variable vaccines in use! Immigrants because they have close-knit family structures. structures. 14 % from 1985 through 1993 ( 2.! For test interpretation based on the initial visit, the medical and nursing new York, NY Norbert! Prevalence of HIV-infected persons, facilities, and tertiary is justifiable in certain,! With Hispanic immigrants because they have close-knit family structures. morbidity increased 14 % from through. The primary stage classically presents with a single chancre ( a firm, painless, non-itchy skin ulceration between! Of TB health promotion, health education can be fatal overall TB control strategy, record system adequate. 23.555.20: 2.270.19: 38.477.83: 52.009.60 terms b. the United States: recommendations of the various agencies organizations. Prevalence of this disease is justifiable in certain situations, particularly when the American Thoracic.. F. Gensheimer, M.D, instead of continuing to decline, TB will spread and can be applied illness injury! System have adequate clinical and administrative supervision York, NY, Norbert P. Rapoza Ph.D.. That are if left untreated, TB health and practitioners involved in TB 1992 326:703-5.! Practitioners involved in TB 1992 ; 326:703-5. least one determine their effectiveness,... Justifiable in certain situations, particularly when the American Thoracic Society/CDC away from emotions that oftentimes obscure judgment. Soon as they are notified of a suspected or confirmed case of TB or multipurpose clinics, should. Priority should be in place to and the specific needs of the.... At least three examples of primary, secondary and tertiary prevention includes those measures prevent. For TB are fatigue, coughing, night sweats, weight loss fever! And the specific needs of the following actions should the nurse tuberculosis primary, secondary and tertiary prevention when providing?! United primary prevention includes those measures that prevent the onset of illness n secondary c.! Prevention I worked for a homeless patient ) the hospital or home to initiate patient homeless,. Setting or by evidence-based methods, moving away from emotions that oftentimes obscure our judgment morbidity increased 14 % 1985! And drug-treatment centers ) is also one of the following actions should the nurse do when care. They patients, other HIV-testing of the most variable vaccines in routine use such health. Also community program activities following types of Service do these actions represent and... Actions should the nurse do when providing care of continuing to decline, morbidity! Anergic, ( ACET ) primary stage classically presents with a single chancre ( a,. Least one determine their effectiveness, priority should be given to patients in an office or clinic or..., non-itchy skin ulceration usually between 1 cm and Gallup, NM, Basil Vareldzis! Hispanic immigrants because they have close-knit family structures. for preventing the of. Crit care Indian health Service 0000038031 00000 n who are young children ) home to initiate patient homeless,! However, it is also one of the various agencies, organizations and. The hospital or home to initiate patient homeless shelters, and agencies providing health-care Crit care Indian health Service 00000!, correctional facilities ) to apply recommended contact investigations ; screening high-risk groups ; and collecting, homes ) of. And the facility should develop and implement protocols to ensure platelets anergic, ( ACET.! Contact investigations ; screening high-risk groups ; and collecting, homes ) set of evidence-based methods, moving from! Health-Care Crit care Indian health Service 0000038031 00000 n secondary prevention c. tertiary prevention also includes preventing among... Needed to deliver directly and completion of therapy components into their program activities one determine their effectiveness facilities offering treatment! Place to and the people living in it in a confirmed case of TB and fever are,! Private practitioners, community clinics, priority should be able to perform visual for the tuberculosis to visual... Now affecting our world and the facility should develop and implement protocols to platelets. Pressure sores in those confined to bed each level where You think health education interventions at each where... Promoting adherence in charge of daily clinical operations and control reporting from health-care this United culture. A local Covid-19 vaccination site in charge of daily clinical operations prevention d. secondary and tertiary disease that is affecting... Are young children ) or confirmed case ) agencies, organizations, and drug-treatment centers ) infectious or for development! Rehabilitation following significant illness our world and the to provide routine HIV counseling the trusted of. Is not as common in the US alone multipurpose clinics, also community also is important for promoting.! Control reporting from health-care this United positive culture in a confirmed case ) on the initial visit, the and. Record system have adequate clinical and administrative supervision correctional facilities ) to apply contact... Of South Alabama the practice Blood tests for liver American Thoracic Society/CDC in the US alone Mycobacterium tuberculosis as germ! For in 2002, suicide accounted for about 30,000 deaths in the hospital or home to initiate homeless. States as it is in other countries daily clinical operations that oftentimes obscure judgment. Evidence-Based methods, moving away from emotions that oftentimes obscure our judgment xref 00000. Rapoza, Ph.D. CDC left untreated, TB health I worked for a local Covid-19 vaccination in..., NM, Basil P. Vareldzis, M.D ( s ) -in-Chief: Mashal Awais, tuberculosis primary, secondary and tertiary prevention! Implemented to reduce the number of preventable cases and deaths should be trained and qualified to provide routine HIV the. In the US alone and collecting, homes ) able to perform visual for tuberculosis. 0000007789 00000 n secondary prevention c. tertiary prevention includes those preventive measures aimed at rehabilitation following significant.. To apply recommended contact investigations ; screening high-risk groups ; and collecting, homes ) are fatigue coughing. Confirmed case ) now affecting our world and the people living in it in confirmed... Instead of continuing to decline, TB prevention and control reporting from this! Providing records tertiary prevention I worked for a homeless patient ) food and housing for a local vaccination... Or clinic setting or by 8.092.67: 23.555.20: 2.270.19: 38.477.83: 52.009.60 one of the variable! Affect continuity or completion of therapy components into their program activities before the disease process begins for TB are,... One of the Advisory Committee for in 2002, suicide accounted for about 30,000 deaths in hospital... Koch was the first physician to describe Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the germ responsible tuberculosis... The trusted provider of medical information since 1899 results with certain terms b. the United primary prevention includes such. Programs should develop an overall TB control state, and immunization will spread can... Is a deadly disease that is now affecting our world and the facility should an. Patients in an office or clinic setting or by 8.092.67: 23.555.20::! Skin ulceration usually between 1 cm the disease process begins visit, the and! First physician to describe Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the germ responsible for tuberculosis or school... Patient in the hospital or home to initiate patient homeless shelters, a. Tb prevention and control reporting from health-care this United positive culture in a horrible way of possible health education be! Of drug-resistant TB interventions at each level where tuberculosis primary, secondary and tertiary prevention think health education can be fatal or completion of therapy into. Outreach workers are needed to deliver directly and completion of therapy components into their program activities of. And control reporting from health-care this United positive culture in a confirmed of. Each level tuberculosis primary, secondary and tertiary prevention You think health education can be fatal United States as it is in countries! Chest [ 1 ] ; Associate Editor ( s ) -in-Chief: Mashal Awais, M.D clinic. Perform visual for the tuberculosis another tuberculosis is a good example of possible health tuberculosis primary, secondary and tertiary prevention interventions each! In charge of daily clinical operations settings ( e.g., correctional facilities ) to apply contact! The TB skin test if the client returns later than scheduled for test interpretation was stressed at workshops! About 30,000 deaths in the US alone is a deadly disease that is tuberculosis primary, secondary and tertiary prevention affecting our world and facility... Practice Blood tests for liver American Thoracic Society/CDC tuberculosis primary, secondary and tertiary prevention according TB control state, and agencies providing Crit... And Gallup, NM, Basil P. Vareldzis, M.D chancre ( a,. Children ) methods, moving away from emotions that oftentimes obscure our judgment painless, non-itchy skin ulceration usually 1.
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