6). Senegalia mellifera and Rhigozum somalense grow as shrubs or small trees on basaltic lava fields. Amsalu, T. and Mengaw, A. 2001). The slope steepness of the study watershed ranges from 0 to 57%. This is observed at Northern parts of the watersheds (Alicho wuriro). Solonetz showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface. The weight of each parameter was calculated using an 8 8 pairwise comparison matrix. (Fig. A personal overview. The major crops grown in the watershed are wheat, barely, bean, potato, pea, sorghum, maize (EMLWR, 2010). Sci Total Environ 625:13091320, Donker NHW, Damen MCJ(1984)Gullysystemdevelopmentand an assessmentof gullyinitiationriskin MiocenedepositsnearDarocaSpain. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. 1995). 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht, Billi, P. (2015). Accessed 27 February 2022. [2], The plant life of the region needs more study, which has been hampered by long-term political strife in the region. volume7,pages 273291 (2021)Cite this article. implementations of sustainable soil conservation and management system in the Lithosols are azonal soils with an incomplete solum and/or without clearly expressed morphological features. Socio-economic and environmental issues. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z. Lack of moisture and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils. Mount Res Dev 27(2):162168, Dessie G, Erkossa T (2011) Eucalyptus in East Africa. The dramatic views are due to this volcanic activity. 137 27 According to the Ethiopian highland reclamation study report, 27 million ha or almost 50% of the highland area was significantly eroded, 14 million ha seriously eroded and over 2 million ha beyond reclamation (Assefa et al. The mean annual soil loss rate was analyzed based on the sub-watersheds, soil types, land uses, slopes and woreda basis. The fifth soil group is lithosols found primarily in the Denakil Plain. Ethiopia can be divided into four rainfall regimes. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding These soils are formed from volcanic material and, with proper management, have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture. World Geomorphological Landscapes. Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Bern, Switzerland, pp 126, Gebrehiwot SG, Bewket W, Grdens AI, Bishop K (2014) Forestcoverchangeoverfourdecadesin the BlueNileBasin,Ethiopia:comparisonof threewatersheds. length, soil type, soil conservations techniques, cover management and rainfall Smaller game varieties such as foxes, jackals, wild dogs, and hyenas are found abundantly throughout the country. In: Proceedings 4th international conference on soil conservation, Maracay, pp 654674, Hurni H (1988) Degradation and conservation of the resources in the Ethiopian highlands. [2], This ecoregion extends inland from the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, including the Dahlak Archipelago and other islands, stretching from the Sudanese-Eritrean border, south through Ethiopia to Djibouti and eastwards into Somaliland. The Reference Soil Group of the Leptosols accommodates very shallow soils over hard rock or highly calcareous material, but also deeper soils that are extremely gravelly and/or stony. trailer Volcanoes in the ecoregion are also intermittently active. %%EOF FAO, Rome, FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISS-CAS/JRC (2009) Harmonized world soil database (version 1.1), FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria, Gebreegziabher Y (2004) Assessment of the water balance of Lake Awassa catchment, Ethiopia. Based on the modeling, Soil Conservation Research Project (SCRP) estimated that about 1.5 billion tons of soil is eroded every year from the Ethiopian highlands (Hurni 1984; Kruger et al. May is a hot and dry month preceding the long rainy season (kremt) in June, July, and August. Soil erosion severity classification based on watershed slope reveals that, highest soil loss was estimated from very steep slope and the lowest loss from level slopes. /FirstChar 32 The mean slope length and steepness factor of the study area is 0.56 with standard deviation of 0.50 and maximum and minimum values of 78.48 and 0, respectively (Fig. The total annual soil losses are 456,415.60 ton/year. YERMOSOLS (Y)Other soils having a very weak ochric A horizon and an aridic moisture regime; lacking permafrost within 200 cm of the surface. Berhanu et al. Correspondence to CNR Italy, Firenze, Natali C, Beccaluva L, Bianchini G, Siena F (2013) The Axum-Adwa basalttrachyte complex: a late magmatic activity at the periphery of the Afar plume. erosion. Watershed units were classified into 25 sub-watersheds for proper watershed planning and priorities were given based on the soil erosion severity classification by (Mohammed Basri et al. Luvisols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Luvisols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Luvisols having a calcic horizon or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures, Other Luvisols having a strong brown to red B horizon (rubbed soil has a hue of 7,5YR and a chroma of more than 4, or a hue redder than 7,5YR). In Colombia, sandy yellow-brown azonal soils on slopes and in gorges are the base of the large coffee plantations. The Eastern Lowlands get rain twice a year, in AprilMay and OctoberNovember, with two dry periods in between. The study watershed LULC was classified into seven classes, namely open shrub lands, closed shrub lands, mixed plantation, woody savannas, savannas, crop lands and Grass lands. Based on the classification, two sub watersheds fell under very low erosion severity classes (01 ton/ha/yr), 22 sub-watersheds fell under low erosion severity classes (15 ton/ha/yr). /ItalicAngle -12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2005.03.012, Setegn SG, Yohannes F, Quraishi S, Chowdary VM, Mal BC (2009) Impact of land use/land cover transformations on Alemaya Lake, Ethiopia. Other Andosols having an umbric A horizon, Other Andosols having a smeary consistence and/or having a texture which is silt loam or finer on the weighted average for all horizons within 100 cm of the surface. Other soils which, after the upper 20 cm are mixed, have 30 percent or more clay in all horizons to at least 50 cm from the surface; at some period in most years have cracks at least 1 cm wide at a depth of 50 cm, unless irrigated, and have one or more of the following characteristics: gilgai microrelief, intersecting slickensides or wedge-shaped or parallelepiped structural aggregates at some depth between 25 and 100 cm from the surface. where R is the rainfall erosivity factor and P is the mean annual rainfall (mm). Paolo Billi . Ayalew L, Yamagishi H (2004) Slope failures in the Blue Nile basin, as seen from landscape evolution perspective. Litosol soil on Okinawa is broken down into North and South Lithosols and they are the focus of this Earth Cache. study area. There are very few permanent watercourses. Hawassa, Ethiopia, Wischmeier W, Smith D (1965) Predictingrainfall erosionlossesfrom CroplandEastof theRockyMountains:guidefor selectionof practicesfor soiland waterconservation. << The Simien Mountains[1][2][3] (Amharic: or Smen; also spelled Semain, Simeon and Semien), in northern Ethiopia, north east of Gondar in Amhara region, are part of the Ethiopian Highlands. The result of this study was compared with the original model result. Mixed plantation and cultivated land is the dominant land use type in the study area which covers 55,307.4 (44.8%) and 49,864.2 (40.4) of the total study area, respectively; while other land use covers 14.8% (Table1). There are also fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil Depression and Lac Assal, lying as much as 160 m below sea level. The result is consistent with the finding of Bekele et al. This study has been conducted at Dijo watersheds in the Rift valley Basins of Ethiopia to estimate soil erosion rate and identify erosion hotspot areas for proper planning using Geographic Information System and Universal Soil Loss Equation adapted to Ethiopian condition. The driest of all regions is the Denakil Plain, which receives less than 20 inches (500 mm) and sometimes none at all. I am grateful to all the very many farmers, peasants and car drivers that throughout 25years of field research all across Ethiopia, freely and collaboratively provided substantial help on many occasions. Human population density is typically less than ten persons per square kilometer (km2). In order to protect remaining species, the government has set aside 20 national parks, game reserves, and sanctuaries covering a total area of 21,320 square miles (55,220 square km)about 5 percent of the total area of Ethiopia. During field observation, constructed terraces were poorly designed and some of the structures are collapsed due to poor maintenance. The climate fluctuates between Mediterranean subtropical and Mediterranean temperate, with annual average temperatures of between 13 C and 17 C, and average annual rainfall of between 400 mm and 800 mm. Sediment yield is commonly estimated by the following empirical formula: where Sy=Sediment yield (ton) at the watershed out let; E=total erosion (ton); A=watershed area (ha). Soil degradation in the Smaller towns include the former Afar Region capital of Asaita in Ethiopia and smaller ports along the coast such as Tadjoura in Djibouti and Zeila in Somalia. According to the Fig. The corresponding author provides all the data set as per the request and ready to clarify the manuscript which is not clear. Two sub-watersheds (X and S) were categorized at very low erosion severity classes which covers 6.58% from total watershed areas. The major part of the Simien Mountains consists of remnants of a Hawaiian-type shield volcano. Despite THE soil erosion severity, little study was made to quantify erosion rate from this watershed. Remote Sensing (RS) and Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) techniques to quantify 9). ARENOSOLS (Q) Soils of coarse texture consisting of albic material occurring over a depth of at least 50 cm from the surface, or showing characteristics of argillic, cambic or oxic B horizons which, however, do not qualify as diagnostic horizons because of the textural requirements; having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an ochric A horizon. The total land areas covered by salt-affected soils in Ethiopia is estimated at about 11,033,000 hectares and occur for the most part of the rift valley zone, where groundwater has been used as source of irrigation water. 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