These nutrients may regulate the expression of genes of interest and activate important metabolic pathways for the production of pigments [45, 58, 59]. Researches support that the pH of the medium also affects the growth of fungi and type of pigment produced. However, melanin has been observed to have other functions such as neuroprotection and energy production. Study conducted by [154] showed that a melanin-rich strain of the fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides biosorbed 2.5- to 4-fold more Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb ion than non-melanic Penicillium digitatum. Some fungal species produce a dark-brown pigment, known as melanin, by oxidative polymerization of phenolic compounds, such as glutaminyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzene (GDHB) or catechol or 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) or 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA). The biosynthetic pathway of fungal dihydroxynaphthalene(DHN)-melanin. In general, glucose, an excellent carbon source for growth, interferes with the formation of many secondary metabolites, including pigments. In other words, the energy freed up by using melanin in this novel way may have enabled the expansion of energetically intensive brain tissues such as the cerebral cortex, which is responsible for the higher thought processes of speech, information processing, impulse control, and decision making.23. 2020 GreenMedInfo LLC. Write a reviewor get your copy ofREGENERATE here. The evaluation of the effect of fungal melanin on non-tumor cells is also interesting because it may serve as alternative to acute in vivo toxicity testing, avoiding the indiscriminate use of animals. However, it is known that for the success of microbial fermentation processes, it is necessary to choose the correct productive culture strain and to determine the appropriate cultivation conditions [4, 8, 36]. Without adequate vitamin D, our genome would completely destabilize, and immune balance would become disturbed, so the reduction of melanin to augment vitamin D status likely saved the lives of humans who migrated to cooler climates. The results obtained in our laboratory using a melanin-overproducing mutant (MEL1) from A. nidulans fungus [31, 93] showed that biosorption capacity for neodymium and lanthanum varied with stage of growth of this mutant; the biomass obtained after 72 hours of growth exhibited a 75% increase compared to the biomass of 48 hours. Silver nanostructures synthesized with melanin derived from Y. lipolytica displayed excellent antifungal activity against an Aspergillus sp. The metal chelation properties of melanin offer interesting possibilities for melanin-based metal ion sensing. In this way, melanin nanoshells may be used to contain radiation from radioactive waste and biomedical radioactive materials. From the ink of the octopus to the protective colorings of bacteria and fungi, melanin offers protection against a variety of biochemical and predatory threats and chemical stressors, and, most famously, acts as a photoprotective factor againstultraviolet radiation. Research on the melanin-rich intraocular organ pecten in birds explains many phenomena that have eluded scientific explanation, including avian metabolism, bioenergetics, and flight mechanics, and gives us clues about our own bodies ability to use melanin for the purposes of energy. Go to facebook -> @The.Luciferian.Doctrine, Advanced embedding details, examples, and help, https://play.google.com/store/books/details/My_Female_Slave_book?id=mj5nDwAAQBAJ, https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kes_eIbXPBjyW6pOFeplte6BWdrxbi8x/view, https://www.facebook.com/The.Luciferian.Doctrine/, https://drive.google.com/open?id=1uHAOWHvtvxUNoayL0QY8Ti7nI-qhoY5e, https://play.google.com/store/books/details/The_Luciferian_I_The_Elites_Secr?id=aCppDwAAQBAJ, https://play.google.com/store/books/My_Female_Slave_book?id=mj5nDwAAQBAJ, Folkscanomy: Book Bin (Unsorted and Incoming), Terms of Service (last updated 12/31/2014). Web A FREE Digital Copy of the Great Book of Melanin Research and The Alkaline Cookbook Access to the Live Weekly Police Stop Law Class. Melanin may also explain another curious fact: that humans are the only species among hundreds of different primates who are almost completely hairless, which is why we are known in biology as the naked ape. Approximately 6 million years ago, the mutation for human hairlessness was introduced into the genome, causing us to diverge from hairy chimpanzee lineages. Some studies suggest the possible use of melanin-coated nanoparticles in medicine, mainly for protecting patients against the harmful effects of gamma rays during radioimmunotherapy [34, 151]. 17. The electrical conductivity properties of this biopolymer are similar to those of amorphous semiconductor solids, and then it can be considered an organic semiconductor, which is largely available and biocompatible and, consequently, cheaper and easier to process with respect to inorganic semiconductors, as silicon germanium. This study suggested that A. auricular melanin inhibits quorum-sensing (QS)-regulated biofilm formation in all strains tested without interfering with their growth [122]. In recent years, the electronics industry has been driven to develop materials and components that are cheaper and more environmentally friendly. We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the worlds most-cited researchers. Since the substrates for the production of pigment strongly influence the cost of the bioprocess, there is a need to select cheap and efficient substrates to make the process economically viable on the industrial scale. These results showed that melanin thin films have great potential in the reconstruction of tissues, being biodegradable, and possess inflammatory response comparable to silicone. The chemical energy liberated via the dissociation and subsequent charge separation of the water molecule by melanin, in fact, has been estimated to meet over 90 percent of cellular energy needs.17, Research on the melanin-rich intraocular organ pecten in birds explains many phenomena that have eluded scientific explanation, including avian metabolism, bioenergetics, and flight mechanics, and gives us clues about our own bodies ability to use melanin for the purposes of energy. The Melanin Empath Discover the Knowledge of Melanated Beings Born With Empath Energy Author: Jade Asikiwe Publisher: ISBN: Category: Body, Mind & Spirit Page: 278 View: 702 DOWNLOAD NOW 2020-10-27 in Cindy Sewell The Melanin Empath Survival and Healing Guide to Discover Melanated Beings and Avoid Damage from Negative Energy Author: Cindy Sewell 1 (August 2011): 69-73,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioelechem.2011.04.009. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 5 (2007): e457,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000457. By Barbara Pilawa, Magdalena Zdybel and Ewa Chodurek. Genres History. The anti-cell proliferation effect of fungal melanin in tumoral cell lines has already been demonstrated. Melanin in cell walls of Basidiomycotina is derived from phenolic precursors, as glutaminyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzene (GDHB) or catechol. However, it is important to emphasize that different properties are observed for melanins derived from different substrates. Bull [89] identified dopachrome (indole 5,6-quinone 2-carboxylic acid) and melanochrome (indole 5,6-quinone), which are intermediates in the DOPA-melanin pathway, in A. nidulans mutants defective in the production of melanin. A piezoelectric sensor system capable of real-time detection of metal ions was constructed by cross-linking melanin onto the gold electrode of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and showed high sensitivity and selectivity to metal ions particularly for Hg(II) [138]. 4.37. We also showed that the toxicity of A. nidulans melanin on mouse fibroblast McCoy cell line, after metabolic activation with hepatic S9 microsomal fraction, was much lesser (CI50 = 413.4 3.1 g/mL) than known cytotoxic agents such as cyclophosphamide (CI50 = 15 1.2 g/mL). WebIt is in the melanocytes that melanin is produced. WebThe book features nearly all unknown secrets. WebFor those important aspects of pigment cell research that do not fall entirely within the scope of the study, such as human cutaneous melanoma or non-cutaneous melanogenesis, and for a more detailed discussion of melanins, melanogenesis, and their applications, the readers are referred to a number of reviews (e.g. According to the authors, melanin nanoparticles could successfully enter into the tumor and act as an efficient drug-delivery system, thereby greatly increasing the safe utility of the drugs for tumor treatment and significantly lowering the dosage used and its side effects. Learn more by reading the entire Chapter 3,The New Biophysics of Energy Synthesis: How the Body Harvests Natures Alternative Energy Sources to Power Cellular Pathways, Build Resilience, and Promote Our Evolutionary Edge. [13]. $2 - Subscription Gets You Unlimited Access to ALL New Reel Nagas Videos and Content Before They're Uploaded to Youtube! Amazon.com: Melanin Research Foundation: Books 1 result RESULTS Melanin: Energy from Light and the Soul's Ascent by Melanin Research Foundation | May 3, 2015 20 Kindle $399$6.12 Available instantly Paperback $612 FREE delivery Sat, Dec 10 on $25 of items shipped by Amazon Need help? Despite the difference in their origins, melanin pigments have a number of common characteristics that allow them to fulfill their protective function. This result is related to melanin production during growth of the MEL1 mutant, since the biomass 48 hours is slightly pigmented, while the 72 hours biomass is dark due to the increased production of pigment [157]. I have summarised and bulletpointed his main points. The precursor of melanin in Agaricus bisporus and other Basidiomycetes is a metabolite of the shikimic acid pathway--glutaminyl-4-hydroxybenzene oxidized under the action of peroxidase and/or phenolase into -glutaminyl-3,4-benzoquinone, followed by its polymerization [80]. The evolutionary reason, however, is hard to pin down. WebThe book features nearly all unknown secrets. Capture a web page as it appears now for use as a trusted citation in the future. 2 (August 2008): 190-202,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2008.03.038. 18. Melanin is a biological molecule associated with pigmentation in humans and animals. IV, Computational Cell Biology: v. 20 (Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics), Methods and Tools for Collaborative Networked Organizations. First published October 15, 2009. WebK12 School Digital and Curricular Classroom Materials - NGL Ask About Promo Code. In a similar study, [56] noted that the production of pigment by Monascus species also was favored when the fungus was grown in the dark. I have summarised and bulletpointed his main points. 306 ratings 30 reviews. After 13 days, all the mice in the control group had died, and the mice that ate the nonmelaninized porcini mushrooms died almost as fast as the controls. This chapter presents a comprehensive discussion of the research on fungal melanin, including the recently discovered biological activities and the potential use of this pigment for various biotechnological applications in the fields of biomedicine, dermocosmetics, materials science, and nanotechnology. 16. 4.37. Hermit93 Given its function as an evolutionarily encoded heuristic that has allowed the human brain to rapidly identify in-group versus out-group dynamics, it has played a role in genocide, slavery, and the rise and fall of civilizations, all of which have been at least partly due to misperceptions about what it means to have more or less melanin in the skin. 103 pages, Paperback Published September 1, 2001 This pigment protects the conidia against digestion by proteases and hydrolases secreted by competitive microorganisms or against bactericidal and fungicidal proteins of animal origin, such as defensins, magainins, or protegrins [22]. Sign up for their newsletter here. Llaila O. Afrika. The pigment production from microorganisms is considered more advantageous because it is a more efficient and cost-effective process than chemical synthesis of pigments. Studies have shown that it is possible to use melanin as an ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared absorbing pigment in opthalmic devices, protective eyewear, windows, packaging material, umbrellas, canopies, and other similar media suitable for providing protection from radiation [139, 140]. isolated from a wall surface, indicating its potential application as effective paint additives [123]. In this pathway, the polyketide synthase (PKS) converts malonyl-CoA to 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene (1,3,6,8-THN), which undergoes several reduction and dehydration reactions to produce scytalone, 1,3,8-trihydroxynaphthalene (THN), and vermelone. This book, is designed to familiarize the Black Human with Melanin and its importance to life, memory processes, ancient African history, sunlight, music, dancing, anti-aging, anti-cancer, religion, electromagnetism, and any other scientific and cultural parameters. Melanin produced by Schizophyllum commune showed high free radical scavenging activity in a dose-dependent manner, when the melanin concentration was increased from 10 to 50 g, the scavenging activity was also increased from 87% to 96%, similar to those obtained using ascorbic acid (standard compound used to measure free radical scavenging activity) [34]. In the context, we hope that the information in this book will be useful and will encourage a greater number of researches on fungal melanin, which might be useful to deploy innovative and sustainable solutions for human health and the environment. Back To Tokyo Vittorio Brena LABEL: Yesenia GENRE: Deep House RELEASED: 2023-02-17 DOWNLOAD SIZE:: 17,32 MB TRACKS 1. Studies have shown that the effect of melanin enhancing the survival of fungi under adverse conditions can be mainly due to its powerful free radical scavenger properties, acting as a sponge for other free radicals generated by the fungus in response to environmental stress [20, 29, 30]. Deposition of homogeneous melanin layers for optoelectronics application is an issue of considerable technological relevance. Mechanisms for UltrafastNonradiative Relaxation in Electronically Excited Eumelanin Constituents,Biophysics Journal95, no. Melanin, Submitted: June 1st, 2016 Reviewed: December 28th, 2016 Published: March 1st, 2017, Total Chapter Downloads on intechopen.com. A state of the art facility which uses disciplined scholarship to ascertain objective knowledge regarding melanin and maintain a database of such knowledge would help to expand the awareness of melanin and its actual characteristics. There are 5 things that the Pineal gland is responsible for: Inner Eye This will also allow me to purchase better equipment to produce higher quality videos to learn from! Dopaquinone, a highly reactive intermediate, forms leucodopachrome, which is then oxidized to dopachrome. 29. In addition, this pigment has a considerable interest biotechnological because it can be produced on a large scale with low cost, making its use for future practical applications economically advantageous. Charles E. Turick et al., Gamma Radiation Interacts with Melanin toAlter Its Oxidation-Reduction Potential and Results in Electric CurrentProduction,Bioelectrochemistry82, no. 27. J101 reported that the yield of pigment at 25C was ten times higher than at 30C, probably due to long growing (120 hours) and lower viscosity of the broth at 25C compared to 30C [49]. According to Dr Timothy Moore In humans, melanin is the primary determinant of skin and hair colour 68 pages, Paperback. Home > Most significant, however, is the resulting necessity for the increased production of melanin, first as a sun protectant but secondarily as a means to endow humans with the ability to harness electromagnetic radiation for metabolic energy in a fashion similar to chlorophyll. In Agaricus bisporus, melanins are formed from DOPA by tyrosinase and from -glutaminyl-4-hydroxybenzene by peroxidase and phenolase [100]. [3]. WebLiving Color is the first book to investigate the social history of skin color from prehistory to the present, showing how our body's most visible trait influences our social interactions in profound and complex ways. Sayer Jiis the founder ofGreenmedinfo.com, a reviewer at theInternational Journal of Human Nutrition and Functional Medicine,Co-founder and CEO ofSystome Biomed, Vice Chairman of the Board of theNational Health Federation, and SteeringCommittee Memberof theGlobal Non-GMO Foundation. WebTHE GREAT BOOK OF MELANIN RESEARCH!!! Fungi constitute a valuable source of pigments because they are capable of producing high yields of the substance in the cheap culture medium, making the bioprocess economically viable on the industrial scale. Albertus B. Mostert et al., Role of Semiconductivity and Ion Transport in the Electrical Conduction of Melanin,Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences109, no. 4.37. The optical and electronic properties of melanin have attracted the attention of researchers for the production of continuous thin films from conventional synthetic melanin, which have been used for a number of different device configurations, including chemi-sensors, next-generation solar cells, and a range of other detectors [126, 130, 134]. Police Stop Law Packages CRC - Know Your Rights Manual - Qualified Immunity Notices Constitutional Rights Cards & Police Bond Liens! Buy on Amazon. In our studies, it was noted that no melanin pigment production takes place during stationary cultivation of hypermelanized mutant (MEL1) from A. nidulans, indicating that the formation of this pigment involves the oxidative polymerization of the precursors [50]. The chelating power of fungal melanin can be explained by various functional groups present in the structure of this pigment, which provide an array of multiple nonequivalent binding sites for metal ions [14, 22]. Buy on Amazon. These nanoparticles displayed excellent antifungal properties toward an Aspergillus sp. $33.33. Another study in Monascus sp. Other dermocosmetic applications of melanins include the use of the pigment for hair dyeing and the development of novel strategies for hair recoloration [150]. This book is designed to familiarize the reader with Melanin and its chemical key to life and ALL living things, memory processes, ancient African history, sunlight, music, dancing, anti-aging, anti-cancer, religion, electromagnetism, and any other scientific and cultural parameters. This strategy may represent an added value to the industry and also helps in solving pollution problems, reducing or preventing their disposal in the environment [1, 66, 67]. This effect was observed for Cryptococcus neoformans, whose in vitro melanization has been associated with resistance against host effector cells, oxidants, microbicidal peptides, and amphotericin B [2325], and in Wangiella (Exophiala) dermatitidis, when the polyketide synthase gene WdPKS1 associated on melanin production was disrupted, this strain has become more susceptible to voriconazole and amphotericin B [26]. These authors concluded that the cultivation in the total absence of light increased biomass and production of extracellular and intracellular pigments in all fungi. Pseudomonas requires 3536C for its growth and pigment production, while in Monascus purpureus, maximum pigment production was observed at 30C with a reduction of the yield at 37C [48]. 100% Health cracked, 100% Universal Laws (operating here cracked, how to take advantage), In 100% describes Biblical Law of Jesus Christ which operates in this reality and leads Goodman and Bercovich, Melanin Directly Converts Light for VertebrateMetabolic Use, 190-202. In the Ascomycota fungi, melanin pigment is generally synthesized from the pentaketide pathway in which 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) is the immediate precursor of the polymer, as described by Bell and Wheeler [11] based on genetic and biochemical evidence obtained from Verticillium dahliae and W. dermatitidis [84, 85]. Being hairless left us vulnerable to fluctuations in weather since, in comparison to other primates, we must expend significant extra energy to produce body heat to stay warm. :). This could have further increased brain development in the sheer size and complexity of neural circuits. There are 5 things that the Pineal gland is responsible for: Inner Eye Wheat bran extract, L-tyrosine, and CuSO4 represent the best combination of medium components to obtain the maximum melanin yield from the fungus A. auricula in submerged culture [73]. 2 (April 1961): 440-41,https://doi.org/10.2307/1932103. 23 (2012): 8943-47,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1119948109. Synthetic melanin thin films deposited by spray-coating presented features ascribed to an amorphous semiconducting material [134]. Fungal melanins also exhibit growth inhibitory effect against various microorganisms. WebMAGICKAL HOODOO VOODOO HEALING SUPERFOODS. The ability to use melanin to absorbelectromagnetic radiationand utilize its energy to dissociate the water molecules in our bodies (producing what Gerald Pollack says amounts to a light-energy driven proton pump)22may have reduced the energy expenditure required for hunting and foraging food. Hydroxylation (and decarboxylation) yields dihydroxyindoles, which can polymerize spontaneously to form DOPA-melanin [10, 27, 97]. Another study showed that systemic melanin-covered nanoparticle (MN) administration reduced hematologic toxicity in mice treated with radiation and that these structures provide efficient protection to bone marrow against radiotoxicity during radioimmunotherapy and in some cases external beam radiation therapy, permitting the administration to tumors of significantly higher doses [117]. Want to learn more from GreenMedInfo? 31. The extracellular fungal melanin, which is found in culture fluids usually in the form of granules, can be formed from some culture components, which are autoxidized or are oxidized by phenoloxidases released from the fungus during autolysis [10, 11, 27]. Due to a planned power outage on Friday, 1/14, between 8am-1pm PST, some services may be impacted. This workis reproduced and distributedwith the permission of GreenMedInfo LLC. neuromelanin. The effect of melanin enhancing the survival of fungi under adverse conditions is mainly due to its function as an extracellular redox buffer, which can neutralize oxidants generated by the fungus in response to environmental stress [19]. We are also more exposed to ultraviolet light, which degradesfolatein the human body, leaving fetuses more likely to develop neural tube defects. The potential of using filamentous fungi as pigment sources is due to their extraordinary metabolic versatility because they can be cultivated over a wide range of temperatures (1050C), pH (211), salinity (034%), and water activity (0.61) and under oligotrophic or nutrient-rich conditions. The albatross, for instance, is capable of traveling 10,000 miles in a single flight, a bioenergetic feat that has long baffled the scientific community. @DESIRE | You #Enslave or are-Enslaved. These authors also studied the culture of C. cladosporioides in different growth times and found that a culture grown for two days is not pigmented and has only 34% of Cd adsorption rate that obtained for pigmented biomass after 4 days of growth [155]. A study on the use of melanin for the treatment of Parkinsons disease, an amelioration in the monkeys overall functional ability and secondary motor manifestations by the administration of an effective amount of melanin in monkeys treated with MPTP (1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine), a toxin that causes a neurodegenerative disease, was observed. Be the first one to, Melanin What Makes Black People Black By Llaila Afrika PDF, MelaninWhatMakesBlackPeopleBlackByLlailaAfrikaPDF, Advanced embedding details, examples, and help, Terms of Service (last updated 12/31/2014). Vittorio Brena Back To Tokyo / Yesenia. The Melanin Empath Discover the Knowledge of Melanated Beings Born With Empath Energy Author: Jade Asikiwe Publisher: ISBN: Category: Body, Mind & Spirit Page: 278 View: 702 DOWNLOAD NOW 2020-10-27 in Cindy Sewell The Melanin Empath Survival and Healing Guide to Discover Melanated Beings and Avoid Damage from Negative Energy Author: Cindy Sewell From trees to flowers to food to energy you will find this one extremely rare. The Management of Quality in Construction, Political Science. 3 (May-June 2001): 3-12. Watch on QUALIFIED IMMUNITY PACKAGES POLICE STOP/ LAW & GOV FLASHCARDS (PSFC) & (LGFC) However, M. purpureus was not able to grow in media containing peptone, and a maximum yield of the pigment was achieved when the media were supplemented with yeast extract (1%) and monosodium glutamate (5%) as nitrogen source [41]. Some studies report that the pigment synthesis requires proper aeration probably related to the oxygen dependency of some enzymatic reactions responsible for the production of pigment. Most Ascomycota fungi synthesize DHN-melanin from the polyketide synthase pathway, whereas few species are able to produce melanin through L-DOPA, in a pathway that resembles mammalian melanin biosynthesis [1113]. This chapter presents a comprehensive discussion of the research on fungal melanin, including the recently discovered biological activities and the potential use of this pigment for various biotechnological applications in the fields of biomedicine, dermocosmetics, materials science, and nanotechnology. The probable mechanism of action was suggested by a study published inBioelectrochemistry,30in which ionizing radiation was found to alter melanins oxidation-reduction potential. isolated from a wall surface, suggesting the application of these nanoparticles as effective paint additives. Although the molecular structure of fungal melanin remains enigmatic, significant progress has been made in understanding particular aspects of its macro- and microstructure. Uploaded by A further dehydration step leads to the intermediate 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN), which is polymerized to DHN-melanin, possibly by a laccase enzyme [10, 13, 27]. Despite its high biocompatibility, the use of melanin as a novel biomaterial in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications reported in literature is still scarce. In a recent study, our group characterized the pigment produced by A. nidulans mutants as DOPA-melanin according to the results obtained with specific inhibitors of DHN- and DOPA-melanin pathways [93]. Melanin: What Makes Black People Black. First published October 15, 2009. Keissler [in Russian],Mikrobiolohichny? In this pathway, there are two possible starting molecules, L-dopa and tyrosine. Since melanin has characteristics of functional materials and bioorganic, a growing number of researchers see this pigment with great interest, taking advantage of their properties for numerous biotechnological applications in cosmetics, pharmaceutical, electronic, and food processing industries [12, 19, 35]. It was demonstrated that the melanin produced by fungus Lachnum singerianum YM296 significantly inhibited the formation of lipid peroxidation products and slowed down the aging process, elevating the levels of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase and decreasing the level of malondialdehyde in mice liver and brain homogenate and serum, suggesting that this pigment could be used as a new anti-aging drug [109]. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. These results confirmed that fungal melanin could be used as component of photoprotective creams mainly for its free radical scavenging rather than its light absorption properties. 306 ratings 30 reviews. Melanin: What Makes Black People Black. Several studies have shown that the composition of the growth medium, nature and concentration of carbon and nitrogen sources, minerals, vitamins, temperature, pH, the presence of oxygen and aeration, light, stress, and irradiation, among others, affect the growth and pigment production in fungi and that the manipulation of the culture conditions can result in enhanced pigment production [4147]. Genres History. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. Adapted from Ref. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Among microbial species, fungi represent an economically significant source of these compounds because they can act as microbial cell factories producing high yields of metabolites with great diverse chemical structures combined with ease of large-scale cultivation [79]. Some fungi have more than one biosynthetic pathway of melanins. Another study reported that melanized fungus Armillaria adsorb high concentrations of cations from the surrounding environment; some ions (Al, Zn, Fe, Cu, and Pb) were 50100 times more concentrated on rhizomorphs than in soil [156].
Categories