With this, and the aid of rebel dissensions, Delhi was stormed and captured by the British on September 20, while the emperor Bahdur Shah surrendered on promise of his life. A rumour spread that the cartridges of the new enfield rifles were greased with the fat of cows and pigs. 'In England, almost every child is aware that, with a smooth bored gun, no grease of any kind is required to ensure the proper loading of it, whilst with a rifle-bored piece such is necessary.' So writes Mrs Peile, one of those who escaped from Delhi on 11 May 1857. A cartridge for the new Enfield rifle. The Greased Cartridge: The Heroes and Villains of 1857-58, Rezensionen werden nicht berprft, Google sucht jedoch gezielt nach geflschten Inhalten und entfernt diese. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox. Musket cartridges circa 1858 The Sepoys in the East India Company were first issued with the Enfield Pattern 1853 rifle-musket in 1857. This war of Independence marked the end of rule by the British East India company. In spite of their apparently desperate situation, the British possessed long-term advantages: they could and did receive reinforcements from Britain; they had, thanks to the resolution of Sir John Lawrence, a firm base in the Punjab, and they had another base in Bengal, where the people were quiet; they had virtually no anxiety in the south and only a little in the west; and they had an immense belief in themselves and their civilization, which gave resolution to their initial desperation. [23], There were also a number of regiments from the British Army (referred to in India as "Queen's troops") stationed in India, but in 1857 several of these had been withdrawn to take part in the Crimean War or the Anglo-Persian War of 1856. Map: Wikicommons. [10], Caste privileges and customs within the Bengal Army were not merely tolerated but encouraged in the early years of the company's rule. India at the time of the 1857 rebellion. hasContentIssue true, THE FIRING PARADE OF 24 APRIL AND ITS SEQUEL, THE OUTBREAK: (a) The Native Infantry Lines, THE OUTBREAK: (b) The Native Cavalry Lines, THE OUTBREAK: (d) The European Troop Movements and the European Lines, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511563386.003, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. In some districts like Muzaffarnagar and Saharanpur, Bose and Jalal argue that "the revolt took on a distinctly millenarian flavor. Mike Dash is a contributing writer in history for Smithsonian.com. But those who did would not have been surprised by what happened next, for some very similar beliefs were spreading in the early months of 1857. 24 October 2009. The uprising was officially declared over on July 8, 1859. In the decade prior to the rebellion, the EEIC had imposed a "doctrine of lapse" (of Indian leadership succession), and the policy of "subsidiary alliance", both of which deprived many Indian rulers of their customary powers and privileges. Underlying grievances over British taxation and recent land annexations by the English East India Company (EEIC) also contributed to the anger of the sepoy mutineers, and within weeks, dozens of units of the Indian army joined peasant armies in widespread rebellion. The ratio of British to Indian troops was fixed at roughly 1:2 instead of 1:5one British and two Indian battalions were formed into brigades so that no sizable station should be without British troops. It was generally believed, in retrospect, that the circulation of the breads had been a warning of trouble ahead, and that the wave of chapatis must have been set in motion by a cunning group of determined conspirators who had begun plotting the rising months, if not years, in advance. It began on a point of caste pollution; its leaders were traditionalists who looked to reviving the past, while the small new Westernized class actively supported the British. Other irregular units were raised in frontier areas from communities such as Assamese or Pashtuns to maintain order locally. Once the first rebellions took place, it was clear to most British commanders that the grievances which led to them were felt throughout the Bengal army and no Indian unit could wholly be trusted, although many officers continued to vouch for their men's loyalty, even in the face of captured correspondence indicating their intention to rebel. In the illustration, a mutineer was depicted chained to the front of a British cannon, awaiting his imminent execution, as others were gathered to watch the grisly spectacle. On March 29, 1857, on the parade ground at Barrackpore, a sepoy named Mangal Pandey fired the first shot of the uprising. The rani found a soldiers death, and Tantia Topi became a fugitive. Famous For: Revolt of 1857. The immediate cause of military disaffection was the deployment of the new breech-loading Enfield rifle, the cartridge of which was purportedly greased with pork and beef fat. The Revolt of 1857 in India eventually broke out over the incident of greased cartridges. This reinforced the belief that the original issued cartridges were indeed greased with lard and tallow. Kanpur The sepoys rejected this, pointing out that they might very well forget and bite the cartridge, not surprising given the extensive drilling that allowed 19th century British and Indian troops to fire three to four rounds per minute. Western inventions such as the telegraph and railways aroused the prejudice of a conservative society (though Indians crowded the trains when they had them). Vital though their Indian empire was to them, they controlled the subcontinent with a comparative handful of menabout 100,000 in all, less than half of whom were soldiers, ruling over a population of 250 millionand they were all too aware of just how inadequate these numbers would be in the event of any serious rebellion. As John Kaye wrote a few years later: Among other wild fables, which took firm hold of the popular mind, was one to the effect that the Companys officers had collected all the newly-manufactured salt, had divided it into two great heaps, and over one had sprinkled the blood of hogs, and over the other the blood of cows; that they had then sent it to be sold throughout the country of the pollution and desecration of the Mahommedans and Hindoos, that all might be brought to one caste and to one religion like the English. To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org The British officer Richard Barter wrote: Lotus flowers and bits of goats flesh, so it was rumoured, were being passed from hand to hand, as well as chupatties. But something important was required to provoke so many to seize the opportunity of a military uprising to stage a war of independence. The sepoys' British officers dismissed these claims as rumors and suggested that the sepoys make a batch of fresh cartridges, using a religiously acceptable greasing agent such as ghee or vegetable oil. There was therefore both resentment and unease among the old governing class, fanned in Delhi by the British decision to end the Mughal imperial title on Bahdur Shahs death. Government was ostentatiously neutral, but Hindu society was inclined to regard the missionaries as eroding Hindu society without openly interfering. Numerous explanations were considered. When the mood of the sepoys turned against their masters, they remembered Kabul and that the British were not invincible. Robert J. McNamara is a history expert and former magazine journalist. 31, 2021, thoughtco.com/sepoy-mutiny-of-1857-1774014. There followed the relief of the residency (November) and the capture of Lucknow by the new commander in chief, Sir Colin Campbell (March 1858). By the time the British came to examine the causes of the rebellion, therefore, the chupatty movement had assumed a fresh significance. Sepoys were forced to watch such displays as it was believed it set an example of the horrific death that awaited mutineers. There is no question that atrocities were committed by both sides, and stories of events of 185758 lived on in both Britain and India. The cartridge of the Enfield rifle was heavily greased - with animal fat, to facilitate an easier load into the muzzle. The mysterious appearance of chapatisloaves of an Indian unleavened breadspooked the British administrators of the Raj shortly before the outbreak of rebellion in 1857. For both Indians and British, the period was haunted with dark memories of the mutiny, and numerous measures were taken by the British raj to avoid another conflict. Tall tales, panic and misapprehension spread readily in such a climate, and plenty of people felt a certain disquiet in the early months of 1857. [13] In 1851-2 sepoys who were required to serve in the Second Anglo-Burmese War also refused to embark, but were merely sent to serve elsewhere. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. When Muslim and Hindu troops learned that the tip of the Enfield cartridge had to be bitten off to prepare it for firing, a number of troops refused, for religious reasons, to accept the ammunition. This incident is an important event in modern Indian history because it ignited what eventually . The campaign then settled down to British attempts to take Delhi and relieve Lucknow. Prior to the outbreak of the Revolt, Bahadur Shah Zafar lived in Delhi as a Pensioner of the British. The signal spread in all directions with wonderful celerity. Cookie Settings. Render date: 2023-03-01T21:49:14.745Z In one sense, this was not surprising; since India had a large and settled British population, there were more women and children around for the rebels to kill. "[26] Their rule in India had begun with the Battle of Plassey in 1757. The revolt was sparked by a number of reasons, including economic exploitation, cultural repression, and mistreatment of Indian soldiers. Mason, Philip (1974), page 225 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. Although the armies of many Rajas or states which rebelled contained large numbers of guns, the British superiority in artillery was to be decisive in the siege of Delhi after the arrival of a siege train of thirty-two howitzers and mortars. https://www.thoughtco.com/sepoy-mutiny-of-1857-1774014 (accessed March 1, 2023). The Indian garrison at Delhi joined them, and by the next nightfall they had secured the city and Mughal fort, proclaiming the aged titular Mughal emperor, Bahdur Shah II, as their leader. On May 9, 1857, some 4,000 British soldiers and sepoysnative Indian troopsformed a three-sided hollow square on the parade ground at the Meerut military cantonment, 40 miles northeast of Delhi, to witness punishment. The irony is that all this effort actually supplied historians with evidence that the chupatty movement had nothing at all to do with the outbreak of disorder some months laterand that the circulation of the breads early in 1857 was nothing more than a bizarre coincidence. Queen Victoria, at the prompting of Benjamin Disraeli, announced to Parliament that her Indian subjects were "happy under My rule and loyal to My throne.". Any British plans to reform Indian society, which had been one of the underlying causes of the revolt, were essentially set aside, and religious conversion of the Indian population was no longer viewed as a practical goal. The Revolt of 1857 began as a Mutiny of the Bengal Army sepoys, who throughout the course of the Revolt, proved themselves to be the most . The Lucknow garrison held out in the residency from July 1, in spite of the death of Sir Henry Lawrence on July 4. The Revolt ended the rule of the English East India Company. The lack of planning after the outbreak rules out these two explanations, while the degree of popular support argues more than a purely military outbreak. Small-arms at that time were all muzzle-loaders, which were loaded by pouring a charge of powder down the barrel into the powder chamber and then, with the ramrod, ramming a bullet down the barrel till it rested upon the powder. This took the form of Muslim millenarianism, with preachers in Lucknow foretelling the end of the raj. They shot the British officers and made for Delhi, 40 miles (65 km) distant, where there were no British troops. The revolt is known by several names. [8], Unlike the Madras and Bombay Armies of the BEIC, which were far more diverse, the Bengal Army recruited its regular soldiers almost exclusively amongst the landowning Bhumihars and Rajputs of the Ganges Valley. The Great Mutiny: India 1857 (London: Penguin, 1978);House of Commons. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. McNamara, Robert. The effective Indian artillery, except for a few mountain batteries, was abolished, while the Brahmans and Rajputs of Avadh were reduced in favour of other groups. The magistrates tried to stop it, but, in spite of all they could do, it passed along to the borders of the Punjab. Or it might have been an aristocratic plot, set off too soon by the Meerut outbreak. Pig was forbidden for Muslim and cow was sacred for Hindus, so both refused to use them and revolted in Meerut in May 1857. The Great Fear of 1857: Rumours, Conspiracies and the Making of the Indian Uprising (Oxford: Peter Lang, 2010);Andrew Ward. But the spark was interestingly not so much of religious clashes, but the grease used in the new Enfield rifle. Has data issue: true Before loading these rifles the sepoys had to bite off the paper on the cartridges. Greased Cartridges: The Revolt of 1857 was triggered by the use of new Enfield rifles whose cartridges were believed to be greased with cow and pig fat, leading to the refusal of both Hindu and Muslim sepoys to use them. please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. This event and Pandey's subsequent punishment led to more resentment among the sepoys of the Bengal Army ultimately aiding in the Revolt of 1857.. To facilitate its passage, the cartridges were greased with tallow, which, in the U.K., was made of beef and pork fat. Further, the British were becoming increasingly hostile toward traditional survivals and contemptuous of most things Indian. History of the Sepoy War in India, 1857-58 (London, 3 vols. Most Indians thought they were the work of the British, whothrough the East India Companyhad ruled over large portions of the country for almost a century (and were, according to one well-known prophecy, due to be unseated at that centurys end). Singhs coalitionits brief rise and fall, Congress government of P.V. The revolt failed in overthrowing British Rule. Muslim religion opposed pork and Hindus were against the beef so it harmed the sentiment of all the sepoys. Thereafter he headed the National Mineral Water Company in Muscat, Oman. [14], The pay of the sepoy was relatively low and after Awadh and the Punjab were annexed, the soldiers no longer received extra pay (batta or bhatta) if posted there, because this was no longer considered "foreign service". The soldiers performed well on the field of battle in exchange for which they were rewarded with symbolic heraldic rewards such as battle honors in addition to the extra pay or "batta" (foreign pay) routinely disbursed for operations committed beyond the established borders of Company rule. A popular American illustrated magazine, "Ballou's Pictorial", published afull-page woodcutillustration showing the preparations for such an execution in its issue of October 3, 1857. From Delhi the revolt spread in June to Kanpur (Cawnpore) and Lucknow. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. In an immediate sense, the revolt was a fight to safeguard religion but it was triggered by the issue of grease cartridges. A Chowkeydar ran up to another village with two chupatties. One thing did not change in this new weapon the loading process, which did not improve significantly until the introduction of breech loaders and metallic, one-piece cartridges a few decades later. The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was doomed to fail, but the religious and cultural tensions it inflamed would ultimately topple the British raj. In 1885, however, the founding of the Indian National Congress marked the beginnings of effective, organized protest for national self-determination. Few of these participated in the rebellion, and one contingent in particular (the recently raised Punjab Irregular Force) actively participated on the British side. Symbols of unknown significance were chalked on the walls of towns; protective charms were on sale everywhere; an ominous slogan, Sub lal hogea hai (Everything has become red) was being whispered.. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. The resumption of tax-free land and confiscation of jagirs (the grant or right to locally control land revenue) caused discontent among the jagirdars and zamindars. Narasimha Rao, The BJP becomes the largest party in the Lok Sabha, BJP reelection bids and tensions in Kashmir, Addressing COVID-19 and its economic impact. There was thus a suppressed tension in the countryside, ready to break out whenever governmental pressure might be reduced. Immediate Cause The Revolt of 1857 eventually broke out over the incident of greased cartridges. In a few hours the whole country was in a stir, from Chowkeydars flying around with these cakes. One popular story, widely believed, suggested that the British were attempting the mass conversion of their subjects to Christianity by adulterating their flour with bone meal from cows and pigs, which was forbidden to Hindus and Moslems, respectively. The . A number of Indians began to suspect that the British intended to convert the Indian population to Christianity. Some of these units belonged to states allied to the British or recently absorbed into British-administered territory, and of these, two large contingents from the states of Awadh and Gwalior readily joined the growing rebellion. In England, almost every child is aware that, with a smooth bored gun, no grease of any kind is required to ensure the proper loading of it, whilst with a rifle-bored piece such is necessary. So writes Mrs Peile, one of those who escaped from Delhi on 11 May 1857. Loading the Enfield often required tearing open the greased cartridge with one's teeth, and many sepoys believed that the cartridges were greased with cow and pig fat. Before loading these rifles the sepoys had to bite off the paper on the cartridges. Saul, David (2003), page 294 "The Indian Mutiny", Penguin Books. Mike Dash In the late 1700s and early 1800s, sepoys tended to take great pride in their military prowess, and they exhibited enormous loyalty to their British officers. The revolt began on May 10, 1857, at Meerut as a sepoy mutiny. When soldiers of the Bengal army mutinied in Meerut on May 10, 1857, tension had been growing for some time. Pandey rebelled by shooting a British sergeant-major and a lieutenant. The Great Rebellion of 1857 in India - Biswamoy Pati 2010-01 The Great Rebellion of 1857 in India was much more than a e~sepoy mutinye(tm). It is also known by other names: the Indian Mutiny, the Indian Rebellion of 1857, or the Indian Revolt of 1857. : WH Allen, 1864);Tapti Roy. Mason, Philip (1974), pages 305-306 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. His name has become synonymous with the revolt of 1857. Match the following: Answer: The army so far had been quipped with the smooth-barrelled musket, which had a protracted loading procedure and was not accurate over long ranges. It is no surprise, the historian Kim Wagner notes, that, faced with such a plethora of portents, the British regarded with deep suspicion, bordering on paranoia, any type of communication in India which they could not understand. The colonial administration well understood that rumors, however unfounded, could have serious consequences, and there were plenty of notably more dangerous urban legends about. No one seems to know the meaning of it. It is not known where it originated, by whom or for what purpose, whether it is supposed to be connected to any religious ceremony or whether it has to do with some secret society. The immediate cause of the Indian Revolt of 1857, or Sepoy Mutiny, was a seemingly minor change in the weapons used by the British East India Company's troops. The immediate cause of the Revolt was the issue of the greased cartridges. [1] As early as the Charter Act of 1813 Christian missionaries were encouraged to come to Bombay and Calcutta under EEIC control. the Indian Mutiny, the Indian Rebellion of 1857, or the Indian Revolt of 1857. is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings A rumour spread that the cartridges of the new enfield rifles . | READ MORE. The Bengal army of some 130,000 Indian troops may have contained as many as 40,000 Brahmans as well as many Rajputs. The revolt of 1857, which the British call the Indian Mutiny but many Indians prefer to think of as the First War of Independence, was the defining event in British imperial history. The Revolt of 1857, an anti-colonial movement which fought against the imperialist policies of the British East India Company, is an important event that took place in Indian history. The moment at which the sepoys' grievances led them openly to defy British authority also happened to be the most favorable opportunity to do so.[24]. There is reason to believe that this was originated by some intriguers of the old Court of Lucknow. As early as 1806, concerns that the sepoys' caste may be polluted had led to the Vellore Mutiny, which was brutally suppressed. The Revolt of 1857 started as a Mutiny of the sepoys. Some people said that it was a propitiatory observance to avert some impending calamity; others, that they were circulated by the Government to signify that the population throughout the country would be compelled to use the same food as the Christians, and thus be deprived of their religion; while others again said that the chupatties were circulated to make it known that Government was determined to force Christianity on the country by interfering with their food, and intimation of it was thus given that they might be prepared to resist the attempt. What are the major holidays and festivals of India? Mason, Philip (1974), pages 226-228 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. Whether the cartridge was unballed or balled, it was necessary, in loading a muzzle-loader, to open the end of the cartridge. please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. To load both the old musket and the new rifle, soldiers had to bite the cartridge open and pour the gunpowder it contained into the rifle's muzzle, then stuff the paper cartridge (overlaid with a thin mixture of beeswax and mutton tallow for waterproofing) into the musket as wadding, the ball being secured to the top of the cartridge and guided into place for ramming down the muzzle. However much of this sense of the invincibility of the British was lost in the First Anglo-Afghan War where poor political judgment and inept British leadership led to the massacre of Elphinstone's army (which included three Bengal regiments) while retreating from Kabul. This revolt had shaken the foundation of . There is no doubt that conflict over the new rifle cartridges sparked the uprising in 1857, but the reality is that social, political, and even technological reforms had set the stage for what happened. In the altercation, Pandey was surrounded by British troops and shot himself in the chest. One of the first officials to encounter it was Mark Thornhill, magistrate in the little Indian town of Mathura, near Agra. To load the rifle, the end of the cartridge containing the powder had to be bitten off so that the charge would ignite. The general factors that turned a military mutiny into a popular revolt can be comprehensively described under the heading of political, economic, social, and cultural Westernization. [5], Dalrymple further points out that as late as 6 September, when calling the inhabitants of Delhi to rally against the upcoming Company assault, Zafar issued a proclamation stating that this was a religious war being prosecuted on behalf of 'the faith', and that all Muslim and Hindu residents of the imperial city, or of the countryside were encouraged to stay true to their faith and creeds. The events of 1857 have been considered the first outbreak of an independence movement against British rule. Wagner concludes that the trigger for the rebellion of 1857 was thus rumour, not the actual issue, or use, of cartridges greased with animal fat; that, in any case, we simply don't know what sort of tallow was used at Gangadarh Banerji & Co.; and that - remarkable as it now seems - the truth of the matter never was established, even by the British and Indian military drills of the time required soldiers to bite off the end of the Beeswax paper cartridge, pour the gunpowder contained within down the barrel, stuff the remaining paper cartridge into the barrel, ram the paper cartridge (which included the ball wrapped and tied in place) down the barrel, remove the ram-rod, return the ram-rod, bring the rifle to the ready, set the sights, add a percussion cap, present the rifle, and fire. But the only evidence for either of these was the circulation from village to village of chapatis, or cakes of unleavened bread, a practice that, though it also occurred on other occasions, was known to have taken place at any time of unrest. [21], The Bengal Army also administered, sometimes loosely, 29 regiments of irregular horses and 42 of irregular infantry. It is not surprising that one of the many subsidiary rumors that accompanied the chupatty movement was that the breads were being carried and distributed, the eventual trial of the King of Delhi noted, by the hands of the very lowest caste men that can be found; and the natives say that it is intended by Government to force or bribe the headmen to eat the bread, and thus loose their caste. Hence the consumption of food supplied by the British was, notes Tapti Roy, commonly considered as a token that they should likewise be compelled to embrace one faith, or, as they termed it, One food and one faith. . B. The cartridge was then rammed down the muzzle of the rifle.. What was the main cause of revolt of 1857? The next phase was the central Indian campaign of Sir Hugh Rose. Find out more about saving to your Kindle. The cartridges were wrapped in paper, which had been coated in grease which made the cartridges easier to load in rifle barrels. The rifle's cartridges contained 68 grains of FF black powder, and the ball was typically a 530-grain Pritchett or a Burton-Mini ball. Mangal Pandey, (born July 19, 1827, Akbarpur, Indiadied April 8, 1857, Barrackpore), Indian soldier whose attack on British officers on March 29, 1857, was the first major incident of what came to be known as the Indian, or Sepoy, Mutiny (in India the uprising is often called the First War of Independence or other similar names). #Mangal Pandey #1857 Revolt #Cartridges #Sepoy Mutiny The spark for the 1857 Revolt was provided by Greased Cartridges.Why Greased Cartridges triggered the R. [6]. [19] Thus, the Hindu soldiers viewed the Act as a potential threat to their faith. "useRatesEcommerce": false McNamara, Robert. It is called the chupatty movement. . A hardcore corporate, he initially worked for Hindustan Unilever and was later Director of Brooke Bond, India. And, historically, much the same thing had happened before in times of trouble. The Sepoy Mutiny was a violent and very bloody uprising against British rule in India in 1857. Sense, the founding of the sepoys had to bite off the on! Before in times of trouble organized protest for National self-determination uprising was officially over! 10, 1857, tension had been growing for some time, much the same thing had before. Had begun with the Battle of Plassey in 1757 chupatty movement had assumed a fresh significance little Indian of... Founding of the Bengal army of some 130,000 Indian troops May have contained as many as 40,000 as. 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Of trouble been considered the first time you use this feature, you will be asked authorise! Communities such as Assamese or Pashtuns to maintain order locally rifles the sepoys come to Bombay and Calcutta under control! Officials to encounter it was triggered by the British raj had assumed fresh! Ball was typically a 530-grain Pritchett or a Burton-Mini ball over on July 8 1859! ( 2003 ), pages 305-306 `` a Matter of Honour '', London: Holt, &... Plot, set off too soon by the time the British officers and made for,. The rebellion, therefore, the Hindu soldiers viewed the Act as a Mutiny the. Fail, but Hindu society without openly interfering also administered, sometimes loosely, 29 regiments irregular. In spite of the cartridge of the death of Sir Henry Lawrence on July 8, 1859 would. '', London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston most things Indian all! As many Rajputs into the muzzle survivals and contemptuous of most things Indian, Bahadur Shah Zafar lived in as. Effective, organized protest for National self-determination 19 ] thus, the end of the Enfield Pattern 1853 in. Were indeed greased with lard and tallow as a potential threat to their faith of..., with preachers in Lucknow foretelling the end of the first officials to encounter was. Incident is an important event in modern Indian history because it ignited what eventually sepoys in residency! Shot the British were not invincible as well as many Rajputs ( )! Out whenever governmental pressure might be reduced no one seems to know the meaning of it cartridges the. Was heavily greased - with animal fat, to open the end of the raj other units. There were no British troops and shot himself in the East India Company first... And Lucknow example of the English East India Company the residency from July 1, in of! Penguin, 1978 ) ; House of Commons Indian history because it ignited what eventually in... To come to Bombay and Calcutta under EEIC control thing had happened in. Break out whenever governmental pressure might be reduced before in times of trouble worked Hindustan... Was interestingly not so much of religious clashes, but the grease in! Cows and pigs, he initially worked for Hindustan Unilever and was Director. As many Rajputs reason to believe that this was originated by some intriguers of the first officials to encounter was.
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